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mp; William, 2007, p. 3). They will also become more aggressive and dominating over any situation, constantly feeling the need to be in control, even when something is out of their control. 'Police culture leads officers to believe that they are a special population that has superhuman abilities and no weaknesses...when actually they are particularly vulnerable due to their need for constant vigilance' (Waters & William, 2007, p. 4). Stress has an enormous impact on an officers individual outlook, usually causing him to distance himself from his family.

消极的应对方法:酗酒,家庭暴力,创伤后应激障碍和自杀-Negative Coping Methods: Alcohol Abuse, Domestic Violence, PTSD, and Suicide

Alcohol/Substance Abuse

Some police officers who have a hard time dealing with their feelings, individually or when reaching out for help, use alcohol to cope with their problems. 'In 1996 more than 100 members of New York City Police Department were dismissed for violating department policies regarding drug use and about another 70 officers were arrested for alcohol-related offenses' (Brosnan, 1999, p. 3). It does not help that the social stigma for police is either alcoholics or 'wife beaters'. This gives police a bad reputation and almost encourages the unhealthy act, giving police the excuse that they are living up to their societal expectations. 'Nordlicht and Malcolm contend that hard drinking off the job is the norm for many police officers, and the most serious results of police work stress is alcoholism' (Leanor, Todd, & Subramanian, 2005, p. 7). Most feel that alcohol is primarily used to help with the feeling of internal anger or guilt, memories of horrific encounters, and other negative influences. Narcotics abuse is also very high, police are constantly dealing with mind-altering substances, and there is constant temptation. 'A positive correlation has been found between exposure to psychic trauma and substance abuse, confirming that substance are abused in an attempt to relieve stress' (Brosnan, 1999, p. 2). Unfortunately, alcohol and substance abuse has a high association with violence and anger displacement.

Domestic Violence

Police are trained to be aggressive and to dominate their situation. If faced with opposition, most police will use force or verbal commands to control others. It is hard for some people to separate work from their daily lives. 'In fact, in Johnson's study (1991) the most frequent complaint among the 728 officers and 479 spouses was the officers' inability to leave the job at work' (Johnson, Todd, and Subramanian, 2005, p. 6,7). This aggression, usually mixed with alcohol or narcotics, could sometimes be misplaced, usually onto their families. 'There were a number of both critical incident and general and work stressors linked to the outcome of officers abusing their own children and/or a lack of parental affection for their own children' (Stevens, 1999, p. 3). If the officer did not end up divorcing or separating from their significant other, there was a much higher, than normal, chance of spousal abuse. The displacement of anger, or sometimes referred to as authoritarian spillover, also lead to other issues such as extra marital affairs. Stress and policing affects much more than the individual, it has negative consequences on everyone around them.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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