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me, police officers also suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is highly prevalent in police culture and has very serious short and long-term side effects.

'Post-traumatic stress theory suggests that unexpected and sudden events or long-term exposure to extraordinary events, that is, those having the potential to cause or threaten death or serious disability to self or others, can result in short-term psycho-physiological responses (e.g., nausea, bowel release, fainting, hyperventilation) and long term effects (chronic anxiety, mood disorders, insomnia, emotional numbness)' (Johnson, Todd, & Subramanian, 2005, p. 5).

Treating PTSD is usually very costly and timely, with rare success. Police are highly susceptible to developing it. 'Researchers have found that 13 to 35 percent of all police officers suffer from PTSD as its symptoms are defined by the American Psychiatric Association- far greater than the 1 percent in the general population' (Brosnan, 1999, p. 1). This disorder could develop from a variety of things: having to kill someone, seeing someone killed, and dealing with victims whose bodies are grossly displayed and deteriorating. Post-traumatic stress victims recurrently relive the causal event through dreams and their daily life. Something as simple as a conversation between friends, and certain sounds can trigger intense feelings from the past. 'The victim experiences recurrent or intrusive recollections of the traumatic events as thoughts, images, or perceptions...from sensory cues (internal or external) that resemble or symbolize the traumatic event' (Brosnan, 1999, p. 1).

Suicide

When stress becomes too much for an individual to handle, some choose to take their lives. 'A study of police suicide conducted by the Fraternal Order of Police in 1995 concluded that the police suicide rate nationwide is 22 in 100,000 officers (compared with 12 in 100,000 for all Americans' (Brosnan, 1999, p. 3). This is devastating to the community and especially the family that was left behind. It emotionally and financially hurts the entire community. Other police officers are faced with the reality that they have considered it themselves. Most officers will deny it was the job to preserve their mental health, but subconsciously they will know that the job caused it. Partners will feel guilty because of their 'blue wall of silence'. 'You see someone who needs help and in your heart you know he is not ok. But, we are trained not to push it further. The blue wall of silence has allowed officers to spiral down' (Perin, 2007, p. 2). It Families will have to survive with one less persons salary, even though the police salary was not much. It is a very serious issue that happens too often. 'The National P.O.L.I.C.E Suicide Foundation currently projects an officer kills him or herself every 17 hours' (Perin, 2007, p. 1) It is also important to look for suicide ideation, the thought and/or planning of suicide. 'Suicide ideation is a form of suicidal behavior and places a person at greater risk for suicide' (Violanti et al., 2009, p. 2). Police are under enormous stress and constantly have access to a firearm, these two factors could be very devastating.

积极的应对方法-Positive Coping Methods

Everyone experiences and deals with stress differently, so it is important to treat everyone in an individual manner. For example, small town p