AC640 Government, Public Policy, and the Law (Political Communication) :Law and Ethics [10]
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“Public Space and Political Public Sphere,” indicated for this week’s
essay by Habermas,
readings. Remember that Habermas is, with Richard Rorty, the best-known
representative of the Pragmatist position today.
instrumental rationality: communicative rationality:
(what Habermas fears has taken over (Habermas's solution to instrumental
public discourse, e.g., spin control, public rationality and loss of the public sphere)
relations, opinion polling, etc.)
basic premises: basic premises:
. represents the perversion of rationality . creates a subject-subject relationship (i.e.,
(unexpected byproduct of modern world) people relate to each other as human
subjects)
. creates subject-object relationship (i.e.,
people are transformed into objects, and . in contrast to semiotics, emphasizes
relate to each other as objects) actual "pragmatics" of speech (parole)
rather than deep structure (langue)
what is valued? (i.e., the "lifeworld")
what is valued? (i.e., the "system")
. communication is inherently rational and
. media are primary agents of instrumental
ethical, since it requires a relationship
rationality (insofar as they connect us to
based on mutual comprehension and
the market, state, technologies, etc.)
sharing of world views
. "system" values efficiency, order,
. primarily concerned with "ends" (i.e.,
predictability
ethical goals that transcend the particular
context), not means
. primarily concerned with "means"(i.e.,
has no view of context or larger picture),
not ends
how is communication involved?
how is communication involved?
. communicative rationality finds its context
. ideology is distorted communication
in the "ideal speech situation"
. instrumental rationality thrives on and
. conditions of "ideal speech situation":
facilitates ideology
(i) absence of power relations
. communication in contemporary society
is defined in terms of one-way, top-down
hierarchical structure (e.g., media, large
(ii) equal opportunities to speak
bureaucracies)
(iii) openness to all relevant considerations
. facilitates "one-dimensionality"
(Marcuse), which acts to paralyze critical
(iv)consensus always open to negotiation
thought and neutralize the critical value of language (e.g., soundbites in political (v) truth based on rational consensus (truth
rhetoric) not outside discourse, but rather the
product of communicative exchange
between people)
. ideal speech situation (like the public
sphere) is an ideal standard of criticism, not
something we ever actually achieve
consequences:
consequences:
. restores reason to its rightful place by
. causes disenchantment and "iron cage"
reconnecting it to experience and to ethics
(alienation and loss of meaning)
. weakens power of instrumental rationality,
. erases the sacred and moral dimension
and reasserts the rational and meaningful
of existence
basis of the lifeworld
. creates the irrationality of rationality
. reclaims the public sphere
(e.g., traffic jams, fastfood)
. brings about the colonization of the
lifeworld, and feudalization of the public
sphere (e.g., Amway)
examples of communicative rationality:
examples of instrumental rationality:
. psychotherapy
. bureaucracies and "red-tape"
. town halls and other public forums
. market
. organizational reform
. technology
2. AC640
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