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pecially my mother (Naama),
father, late sister (Azimi), my brother (Shaibu) and my younger sister (Alima) for their
extraordinary support for me throughout my education. I also wish to dedicate this work to
Raliatu, Mariama and Baba (uncle) for their prayers and goodwill.
iii
Acknowledgements
I wish to first and foremost acknowledge my supervisor, Professor Audun Offerdal for his
good guidance and direction. Indeed, it is very significant for me to state sincerely that his
timely response to my work, recommendation of books and advice regarding how I could
proceed with the thesis work even made me to develop more interest in research work. Also, I
wish to thank my lecturers (Steinar, Harold and Ishtiaq) for the guidance and contributions
they also offered towards the work and my academic progress in Bergen.
Further acknowledgement goes to Gerard, my friends; Dennis, Imoro and Mohammed for
their support. My appreciation goes to Sam Salifu Taaba and Saeed Bukari for their brotherly
love, guidance and encouragement. I cannot leave out the administrative staff of my
department especially Olga for all the administrative assistance and guidance she provided me
and my colleagues in the course of our studies in Bergen and in the writing of this thesis.
I wish to thank all my Norwegian friends including Janita, Eirin and Benny for their
acquaintance and friendship. Lastly but not the least, I remain forever indebted to the
Norwegian people, government and the management of the quota scholarship scheme for
making all the necessary funding towards my education available from the beginning of the
course to the end.
iv
ACRONYMS
A. M. A. Accra Metropolitan Assembly
T. M. A. Tamale Metropolitan Assembly
P. N. D. C. Provisional National Defense Council
M. M. D. A. s Metropolitan Municipal District Assemblies
N. D. C. National Democratic Congress
N. P. P. New Patriotic Party
R. C. C. Regional Co-ordinating Council
D. A. District Assembly
M. A. Metropolitan Assembly
N. A. L. A. G. National Association of Local Authorities
G. H. C. Ghana Cedis
U. S. United States
G. L. S. S. Ghana Living Standard Survey
U. C. Unit Committees
M. P. A. Master of Public Administration
G. A. Greater Accra
N. R. Northern Region
E. C. Electoral Commission
N. P. H. C. National Population and Housing Census
B. B. C. British Broadcasting Corporation
N. L. C. National Liberation Council
C. P. P. Convention People Party
P. P. Progress Party
N. R. C. National Redemption Council
P. N. P. Peoples’ National Party
U. G. C. C. United Gold Coast Convention
G. W. L. Ghana Women’s League
N. F. G. C. W. National Federation of Gold Coast Women
v
N. L. M. National Liberation Movement
S. M. C. Supreme Military Council
D. C. E. District Chief Executive
D. S. District Secretary
D. W. M. 31st December Women’s Movement
H. I. P. C. Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
D. A. C. F. District Assembly Common Fund
M. L. G. R. D. Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development
M. O. W. A. C. Ministry of Women and Children’s Affairs
L. I.s Legislative Instruments
S. M. D. C.s Sub-Metropolitan District Councils
A. F. R. C. Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
N. A. Native Authority
G. S. S. Ghana Statistical Service
P. M. Presiding Member
F. I. D. A. International Federation of Women Lawyers
C. D. Chief Director
P.