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logical subject of the body ( rational feelings) while affectual geographies see the subject as non-psychological as affect is conceptualized as in the realm of pre-consciousness and unconsciousness.

 

Future Directions

While geographers have engaged in discussion and paid attention to cultural politics, it is postulated that “the most important conflicts of the future will occur along the cultural fault lines separating these civilizations from one another” (Huntington 1993:25). In response to Huntington’s work, Said (2001) provided a scathing attack that it was simplistic and essentialist thinking that sought to en-frame people according to spatial distribution while neglecting the complexities of culture. Nevertheless, what is important to note is the potential that cultural differences will be the source of politics in future. Traditional sources of conflicts can be found in struggles over identity politics in class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity and race. Culture is thus the medium from which different views of the world are contested (Rycroft 2009).

 

The contemporary era has produced new cleavages of conflict on both the macro and micro scalars of humanity. First, the global war on terror (GWOT) has created an international division of the West (led by U.S.) against the ‘axis of evil’ comprising of Iran, Iraq and North Korea. This term was coined by then U.S. President George W. Bush in 2002 to categorize these nations as a threat to global peace by seeking weapons of mass destruction. In the book The Colonial Present, Derek Gregory (2004:11) spoke of how the GWOT is a “violent return of the colonial past, with its split of geographies of “us” and “them”, “civilization” and “barbarism”, “Good” and “Evil” ”. Secondly, on a more micro scale, increased modernity and development has led to cultural politics between indigenous people and the people of modernity. For example, a river can be a symbolic and natural form of capital for the indigenous Skokomish people but is simultaneously a potential hydropower site for private developers (Lansing et. al. 1998). Also, Escobar (1998) argued that ‘biodiversity’ was a discourse created by the scientific world that saw the need to preserve nature in light of environmental degradation, which priviledged the developed nations of modernity, often neglecting communities that live and depend on nature for survival. In addition, global environmental and climate change has also provided a new platform to study cultural politics as showed by Boykoff (2008) who investigated media coverage of climate change in the UK and explored the cultural politics of its discourse. The conflict over values and meanings by different people is what can be described as a ‘culture war’ that “center as much on questions of identity (personal, ethnic and national), social values, and control over meanings, as they do on more “traditional battlegrounds of territory, economy, and military might” (Mitchell 2000:5).

 

In terms of theory, advocates of ANT have increasingly distanced themselves aw本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。