英语论文网

文化是一个十分宽泛的概念，多个世纪以来已经被各位哲学家探讨过。在雷蒙▪威廉斯看来，文化是“两个或者三个英语当中最为复杂的单词之一”。基于不同的定义，文化会形成对人类活动的大为不同的衡量标尺。英语的文化一词的词干来自拉丁语“culture”，原始意义是耕种。芬得利和罗斯利将其定义为“象征和意义的集合系统，即便是这个单词的创造者也会争论，它们一直在变化，缺少固定的界限，互相之间持续影响和竞争着”。学者们将其定义为界限迷离不清的系统。关键点是我们如何认识这种符号集合系统。威廉姆斯对此提出了回答，文化可以通过音乐、文学、生活方式、绘画、雕塑、剧院、电影或者其他类似的事物来评价或者嵌入其中。这些标准对于一切文化类型都很常见。在全球化趋势的面前和与过去历史的互动当中，这些来自不同文化的因素会互相影响。接下来的研究将探讨西方文化对于巴基斯坦文化各个维度的影响。

文化渗透是将一种文化推广、区分、分割或者人工注入到另一种文化之中。文化渗透也能够以改变公众的态度观念。本次研究将重点关注西方文化对巴基斯坦文化的深度渗透。

Culture is a broad term which has been described by various philosophers since decades. It has been claimed by Raymond Williams to be “…one of the two or three most complicated words in English language” (Williams, 1976). Different definitions of the term, culture may have distinct descriptive ways and criterion to evaluate human activity. Culture is a word stemming from a Latin word ‘culture’ which means to cultivate (Harper, 2008). It is defined by Findley and Rothney as, “systems of symbols and meanings that even their creator contest, which lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another' (Findley & Rothney, 2006). The authors describe culture to be a system of symbols having blurred boundaries. The curx however is to see how do we recognize these systems of symbols? The answer to this question is provided by Williams who says that culture can be judged or embedded in music, literature, lifestyle, painting and sculpture, theater and film and similar things (Williams, 1976). These dimensions are common to all cultures. In the foreface of the rapid globalization and the interaction in the past, these dimensions of various cultures are often influenced by each other. The following study discusses the influence of the dimensions of western culture to the respective dimensions of the Pakistani culture.

Cultural penetration is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, or artificially injecting the culture or language of one culture into another. Cultural penetration can take the form of general attitude as well. In this study, the focus has been on the Western culture being penetrated inside Pakistani culture. Elements of Western culture have had a very influential role on other cultures worldwide. People of many cultures, both Western and non-Western, equate modernization (adoption of technological progress) with westernization (adoption of Western culture). Westernization can be defined as a process whereby societies come under or adopt the Western culture in such matters as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language, alphabet, religion or values. Westernization has been a pervasive and accelerating influence across Pakistan in the last few centuries. It is usually a two-sided process, in which western influences and interests themselves are joined by a wish of at least parts of the affected society to change towards a more westernized society, in the hope of attaining western life or some aspects of it.