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. It is the discourse of Orientalism (us versus them, West v Rest mentalities) and negative stereotyping lead many people to believe that all Muslims are the same.

 

Barber’s ‘Jihad v McWorld’ provides an explanation for the difference between the two completely different worlds that is the West and the East. Barber believed that globalisation and retribalisation are affecting the very existence of democracy in the nation state. McWorld operates to promote economic growth and production, whilst Jihad opposes and resists modernism, globalisation and imperialism. This has resulted in, essentially, culture v culture (West v Islam). Jihad’s identity is maintained through opposition to these modern trends, and McWorld’s through trade, investment, technology and capitalism. Barber sums up the relationship between the two nicely: “Jihad pursues the bloody politics of identity, McWorld a bloodless economics of profit” (Barber, 2001, p. 8).

 

Malik’s ‘Cultural Wars’ discusses culture, the discourse of race, multiculturalism, immigrants and pluralism. Malik explores the post-Cold War period and how it shaped Western ideas about ethnicity and race.

 

The post-Cold War period spelt the end of pluralism for the USA, which ultimately resulted in social fragmentation (consistent with Barber and Huntington). Multiculturalism and immigrants were to blame for the decline of America. Conservatives believed that pluralism was not only to blame for the damage and subsequent ‘loss’ of national identity, but a means to express “concern for a coherent national identity” (Malik, 1996, p. 181)

 

British conservative Enoch Powell set out to answer the question ‘Who are we?’ Powell believed that every nation is unique and deserved the right to its traditions, history and culture. He (Powell) believed that citizenship was exclusive, to be British meant to be born in Britain: “It is something you are born into, not something you acquire” (Malik, 1996, p. 186). As a result immigrants were seen as a means of comparison (racial discourse), the opposite of what it meant to be British. Like most of the Western World, Britain is now contrasted to Islam.

 

France also believed that citizenship was exclusive, and like Britain started to question citizenship, and what it meant to be French. Malik’s statement that conflict between France and Islam is “deep rooted in history” (p. 194) seems to be justified. Look at the Algerian Civil War for example. This war occurred between France and Algerian Muslims because of concern that they (Algerian Muslims) weren’t adopting, or assimilating to French values.

 

What exactly is French identity? Today France is seen as upholding a secular identity. For example, in 2004 the French Senate decided to ban the wearing or display of any overt religious symbol in State Public (Primary & Secondary) schools and most recently, the banning of the B本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。