难民,跨国和国家 [12]
论文作者:Khalid Koser论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2016-05-03编辑:anne点击率:23326
论文字数:9626论文编号:org201605021332486612语种:英语 English地区:澳大利亚价格:免费论文
关键词:难民跨国主义国家临时保护
摘要:三案例研究的形式对本文实证的重点*人的临时保护欧洲的年代,寻求庇护者向欧洲走私,和贡献厄立特里亚跨国社区在国内冲突后重建。
Eritrean community between legal status and employment and level of wages. Despite the range of legal statuses found amongst the respondents, none was legally prohibited from employment as a result of status. On the other hand, the insecurity of some statuses meant that in some cases respondents could only take on short-term jobs, and limitations on movement associated with certain statuses in Germany geographically delimited the job market for others. Finally, a complex range of social factors *including gender and age*were also found to be significant in affecting the ability and desire to contribute. Focusing specifically on the Bosnian case, it has to be stressed that the effects and consequences on gender relations varied greatly and cannot be delineated in terms of a simple cause and effect. Some women interviewed lost not only their previous home and loved ones, but also their economic independence and support networks. Many professional women were unable to find comparable jobs in the host country and were either forced to take up menial work or stay at home with the children. This situation not only undermined their self-confidence but also increased their dependence on husbands. At the same time, there was also some evidence for increased equality between spouses.
246 K. Koser Table 2. Factors increasing individual capabilities to participate in reconstruction in the home country Economic Political Social Capacity . Employment . Secure legal status in host country . Freedom of movement within host country . Savings . Positive attitude of host government and population . Gender equality . Access to welfare and pensions towards ethnic-national diasporas . Successful social integration in host country from home country . Political integration of diaspora by home government . Place of origin in home country . Access to welfare and pensions from host country . Access to information . Access to banking facilities Desire . Financial stability in host . Secure legal status in host country . Links with family and friends in home country country . ‘Non-alienating’ circumstances of flight . Links with friends and family in other host countries . Economic incentives (or lack of . Positive attitude of home government towards . Integration within the diaspora in the host country disincentives) for diaspora . Positive attitudes towards home country remittances and investments in . Political stability in home country . Desire to maintain ‘national consciousness’ home country . Lack of ethnic/religious discrimination in . Economic stability in home country home country Source : Al-Ali et al . (2001).
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 247 Similar complexities surround the significance of age. Many elderly Eritreans maintained a generalised view that youngsters were not engaged in developments in Eritrea, and that they had little interest in playing an active part in the future of the country. In particular, the elderly rued what they perceived as a lack of ‘national consciousness’ amongst youngsters. This was found to be true for some youngsters, who seemed to have come to the conclusion that they should focus their attention on life in the host country. It was equally clear during the research, however, that other Eritrean youngsters were also amongst the most active. There are two critical conclusions from this brief overview of research findings. The first is that engagement with ‘transnationalism from below
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