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2 Literature Review

2.1 The Study of Reading Strategies
Readers often apply some techniques to comprehend what they read. Paris, Lipson andWixson (1983) consider reading strategies as the conscious techniques employed by readersto participate in and understand the text. Block (1986) proposes reading strategies involvereaders conceiving a reading task, dealing with textual cues and understanding their readingbehaviors when confronting difficulties. Garner (1987:50) refers to reading strategies asdeliberate activities to remedy perceived cognitive failure applied by active readers. Barnett(1988:153) states that reading strategies refer to the mental operations involved when readerspurposefully approach a text and make sense of what they read. Wallace (1992:146) explainsreading strategies as ways of reading that are employed flexibly and selectively and thatvaries depending on the text type, the context and the reading goal.Birch (2002) proposes that an expert decision-making system is needed by applying aknowledge foundation and processing strategies during reading process. Knowledge base isdivided into two parts: world knowledge, like people, places, events and activities, andlanguage knowledge, such as sentences, phrases, words, letters and sounds. Processingstrategies include cognitive processing strategies, such as inferring, predicting,problem-solving, and constructing meaning and language processing strategies, like dividinginto phrases, approximating word meaning, recognizing word and letter.In summary, reading strategies are reader-oriented methods to cope with difficulties andcontribute to effective reading. It can be concluded that reading strategies are conscioustechniques that readers choose and apply to control their reading activity and promote theircomprehending and memorizing ability to the textual information.
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2.2 Reading Models for Reading Comprehension
There are several opinions on reading comprehension to understand how readingcomprehenion evolves over time. Reading comprehension is a complicated cognitivepsychological process of accurate and effective access to information, since readers directlyconfront with the discourse, whose composition and rules play important roles in readingcomprehension. Ben (1998:69-74) once regards reading comprehension to be an activeprocess of constructing meaning and interaction among readers’ prior knowledge, readingcontext and text information. Reading comprehension is the process for readers to understandall the meaning of information, from written words to the whole text. Readers obtaininformation with their own cognitive processing methods; they come to differentcomprehension conclusion in the process of reading comprehension. Researches done in thepast decades have proposed theoretical frameworks for reading models, which exerts animportant influence on reading instruction. The categories of reading models can be listed asthe following three models: bottom-up model is text-oriented, the top-down model isreader-oriented and the interactive model is based on both text and knowledge.
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3 Research Design....... 17
3.1 Research Purpose .... 17
3.2 Research Questions ...... 17
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