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摘要：文章论述了英语中一个很常见的语法现象—否定。说明了英语中一些词或短语或句型可以用来表达论文范文含蓄否定。

关键词：含蓄否定；否定词；语用学；文雅

英语中的否定一般可分为全部否定,部分否定,双重否定和含蓄否定。由于篇幅所限，本文只讨论其中的含蓄否定。含蓄否定是指英语中有些词，短语或句型不与否定词等连用,也照样可以表示否定意思，即从形式上看是肯定的,而表达的意义是否定的。从语用学的角度看，含蓄否定能够将意思表达得更加贴切·文雅和委婉。以下将常见的含蓄否定现象总结如下:

1. 在表达否定意思时,不一定用带有否定词的句子,可以用一些具有否定意义的词汇来表示.如fail,unless,absent,beyond,deny,miss,free,least等,这些词形式上是肯定的，但是表达的意思是否定的。按词类来分,可分为名词、动词、形容词、介词，等等。

(1)名词,如denial,failure,reluctance等.

They showed great reluctance to say that.他们极不情愿说那件事儿.

The prisoner made a repeated denials of the charges against him.

囚犯一再不承认对他的指控。

His failure to get a job made him leave the city.

他没有找到一份工作，不得不离开这个城市。

(2)动词,如forbid,refuse,differ,fail, miss,wonder等.

He failed to finish the work in time.

他没有及时完成任务。

His father forbade their marriage.

他的父亲不允许他们俩结婚。

The car absolutely refused to start.

这辆汽车根本发动不起来。

The two brothers are alike each other in appearance,but differ widely in taste.

这两兄弟长得很相象,但趣味大不相同.

She missed the last bus.

她没赶上最后一班车.

(3)形容词,如free,absent,otherwise，reluctant等

This is an ice free harbor.

这是一个不冻港.

Rain is absent in some countries.

在有些国家是不下雨的.

It was quite otherwise in the west.

在西方,情况就很不一样.

She was very reluctant to admit the truth.

她极不情愿地承认了这个事实。

(4)介词,如beyond,but,against，except等

She is anything but considerate.

她一点儿也不顾及别人.

This maths problem is beyond him.

他不会做这个数学题

Love was totally absent from his childhood.

他童年时代没受到丝毫的疼爱。

I can answer all the questions except for the last.

所有的题我都会答，只是最后一题不会。

2. 英语中还有一些含有否定意义的短语,从语言形式上看是肯定的,但表达的意义是否定的。

这样的短语有动词短语,介词短语,形容词短语等,如keep from,at a loss,rather than, instead of,short of,in vain,inferior to, protect from等。以下分别加以说明。

(1)动词短语有:keep...from,protect... from,refrain...from

Cold weather nay keep the plants from budding.

寒冷的天气可能使这些植物不发芽。

He was wearing dark glasses to protect his eyes from the sun.

他戴者墨镜以保护他的眼睛不受阳光直射。

He tried very hard to refrain himself from smoking.

他费了很大的劲儿才克制住自己不抽烟。

(2)介词短语有:instead of,rather than, at a loss,in vain...

The boy was at a loss when he could not find his mother.

当这个孩子找不到妈妈时，茫然不知所措。

This dress is comfortable rather than beautiful.

这件衣服虽不漂亮但穿着舒服.

Let's do some reading instead of watching TV.

咱们不看电视看书吧.

They worked very hard at it,but in vain.

他们在这项工作上下了很大功夫,但是不起作用.

(3)形容词短语有:be short of,be far from,be inferior to...

I have to take a part time job as I am  short of money.

因为没钱,我只好做份临时工作。

His childhood was far from happy.

他的童年生活一点儿也不快活。

The quality of their washing-machines are inferior to that of ours.

他们的洗衣机质量不如我们的好。

3. 除了有这样一些含有否定意义的词和短语外,英语中还有一些固定的句型没有否定词却可以表示否定的意思。请看下面的例句。

(1)too+形容词+不定式,表示"太......以致不能......",

He is too excited to speak a word.他

太激动了,以至于一个字也说不出来.

She is too young to look after herself.

她还太小,不能照顾自己.

It is too cold to go in the sea.

天太冷还不能下海.

(2)more than...+含有can的从句,more

than后虽是肯定形式,却表示否定意义.

That is more than I can do.

那是我办不到的.

The hunger was more than the children could bear.

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