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mselves completely unconnected" (Mitropoulos，2005，p.89). For the maritime industry which facilitates this activity，it is essential that acommon working language, namely Nautical English, is competently used to safeguardthe ship, its crew and the environment in which it sails. This presupposes that thegraduates of maritime academies are well prepared and that their mentors are qualifiedto perform the task required by international regulations.Nautical English is the entirety of all those means of the English language which,being used as a device for communication within the international maritime community，contribute to the safety of navigation and the facilitation of the seaborne trade (Trenkner,2000). Nautical English is a restricted language and it is restricted to the activities ofmen (and women) tied to a specific purpose i.e. shipping industry (Trenkner, 2002).Therefore Nautical English is classified as an ESP (English for Special/SpecifiedPurposes). Like all other ESP, it requires a certain level of professional knowledge andexperience to become comprehensible. Although the major part of Nautical English isgeneral English words and only a seven percent belongs to purely maritime or nauticalterminology with their isolated meanings and distribution (Pritchard，2002)，combinedwith semi-lexical or semi-functional words，it becomes a unique language that only menand women of sea will understand. All the locations, functions and actions it describesmight only mean something on board a ship, on the sea or by the sea side. In thiscontext，teaching and testing of Nautical English as well as masting it present majorchallenges.
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2.2 Introduction to Corpus-based Approach
Corpus is a new kind of research domain involving new methodologies. Computercorpus-based approaches in terms of language apply well-established scientific procedxires involving observation, analysis, theory building and subsequent verification,and bring a new distributional perspective to linguistic description. Such a distributionalperspective had been taken for granted in most other scientific fields. In the last fewyears，corpus-based approaches have been used in many linguistic comprehensiveresearch programs such as two different studies of English modal verbs by Coates (1983)and more recently by Mindt (1995). It also has been used in smaller scale researchstudies, including dissertations and theses. As noted in Kennedy (1996), even in verysmall class exercises, students or teachers undertake corpus analysis to compare thedistribution of different from’ different to and different than in different varieties ofEnglish. Larger studies, more suitable for theses or dissertations, can explore topicssuch as collocations with particular prepositions or intensifiers. It can also showwliedier subordinate clauses are more or less likely to precede or follow main clauses incomplex sentences in different varieties of language. At the same time，it is of great helpto the study of lexical features in a particular English genre such as lexical coverage，with its faster computation, more scientific statistics and various ways of representingresults.
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Chapter Three Research Methodology.......... 16
3.1 Data Used in the Research.......... 16
3.1.1 Nautical English Corpus.......... 16
3.1.2 CET4 Wordlist..........17
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