英语论文网

arch also shows that BAE had given an initial estimate of at least a year to test the system and get the system up and running, but United airlines and the other stakeholders pressed for a much shorter timeframe. City of Denver got the same story from technical advisers to the Franz Joseph Strauss airport in Munich (that less complicated system had taken 2 years testing and was running 24 hours a day for 6 months before the airport opened.

Risks recognised early in the Project

- Very large scale of the project.

- Enormous complexity.

- Newness of the technology.

- Large number of entities to be served by the system.

- The high degree of technical and project definition uncertainty.

Risk Identification

PMBOK (PMBOK Guide, 2004) lists five tools and techniques for risk identification: documentation reviews, information gathering techniques, checklist analysis, assumption analysis and diagramming techniques.

Risk identification and analysis is a specialist business, but generally it can't be done without first consulting key personnel, typically through interviews, questionnaires and workshops. Risk workshops are particularly effective in bringing together all those to be affected by the initiative, thus ensuring that everyone gets a chance to present their case, hear different points of view, raise and discuss ideas, and be more circumspect and candid [1].

Documentation Reviews: A structured review may be performed of project documentation, including plans, assumptions, prior project files, and other information. The quality of the plans, as well as consistency between those plans and with the project requirements and assumptions, can be indicators of risk in the project [1].

Information Gathering Techniques: Examples of information gathering techniques used in identifying risk can include:

Brainstorming: The goal of brainstorming is to obtain a comprehensive list of project risks. The project team usually performs brainstorming, often with a multidisciplinary set of experts not on the team. Ideas about project risk are generated under the leadership of a facilitator [1]

Delphi technique: The Delphi technique is a way to reach a consensus of experts. Project risk experts participate in this technique anonymously. A facilitator uses a questionnaire to solicit ideas about the important project risks. The responses are summarised and are then re-circulated to the experts for further comment. Consensus may be reached in a few rounds of this process. The Delphi technique helps reduce bias in the data and keeps any one person from having undue influence on the outcome [1].

Interviewing: Interviewing experienced project participants, stakeholders, and subject matter experts can identify risks. Interviews are one of the main sources of risk identification data gathering [1].

Root cause identification: This is an inquiry into the essential causes of a project‘s risks. It sharpens the definition of the risk and allows grouping risks by causes. Effective risk responses can be devel本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。