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,  Buck  thought  that  “  there is  a  natural  tendency  for  both  teachers and  students  to  tailor  their  classroom  activities  to  the  demands  of  the  test,  this influence  of  the  test  on  the  classroom  is,  of  course,  very  important;  this  washback effect can be either beneficial or harmful” (p. 88).  The  influence  of  the  test  in  Buck’s  definition  is  what  the  later  testers  called washback. In 1989, Hughes viewed that “the effect of testing on teaching and learning is  known  as  backwash”  (p.  1).  His  statement  of  washback  opens  a  new  area  in language testing, and also he provides seven means to improve positive washback. A new  area  needs  more  research  to  be  perfect.  In  1993,  Shohamy  gave  a  similar definition,  which  regarded  washback  as  “the  utilization  of  external  language  tests  to affect and drive foreign language learning the school context” (p. 513).  
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CHAPTER III methodology ...... 23 
3.1 Research Questions ........... 23 
3.2 Participants ...... 23 
3.3 Instruments ...... 24 
3.3.1 Questionnaires.... 24 
3.3.2 Interview ............ 26 
3.4 Procedures ....... 27
3.5 Data Analysis ............ 29 
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........... 31 
4.1 Results of the Questionnaires ..... 31 
4.2 Results and Discussions of the Interview ..... 48 
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .... 52 
5.1 Major Findings of the Present Study ............ 52 
5.2 Implications of the Present Study ........ 54 
5.3 Limitations and Suggestions for the Future Study ......... 55 

CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 

Chapter  three  describes  the  methodology  of  the  study,  including  research questions,  participants,  instruments  and  procedures.  This  chapter  elaborates  on  the analysis  and  results  of  the  data,  which  answers  the  four  research  questions  listed above,  indicating  participants’  perceptions  towards  CET-4  listening  sub-tests, influences  of  CET-4  listening  sub-tests  on  participants’  English  learning  process  and learning product and investigating whether there are different washback effects if the subjects  are  with  different  English  proficiency  levels.  Two  parts  are  included  in  the results  analysis,  among  which  the  first  one  is  the  discussions  of  the  questionnaires, including  quantitative  and  qualitative  data  analysis;  and  the  second  one  is  本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。