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act from Ships) and TEES (Tools for Environmental Efficient Ship design) projects are representative European programs for the promotion of eco-friendly shipbuilding industry (Hayman, Dogliani, Kvale, & Fet, 2000) (Ellingsen, Fet, & Aanondsen, 2002).

另一方面，也有一些研发计划视角放在生态友好船舶的完整的生命期上。这些类型的项目通过在设计阶段采用可再生材料，鼓励回收利用。 TRESHIP（减少船舶环境影响技术）和TEES（环保高效船舶设计工具）项目，代表欧洲方案以促进环保造船业（Hayman, Dogliani, Kvale, & Fet, 2000）（Ellingsen, Fet, & Aanondsen, 2002）。

From the perspective of alternative fuels, “Zero Emission” (ZEM) ship had been performed from 2006 to 2010. Most participants are German organizations and supported by the Financial Instrument for the Environment (LIFE) of EU. They constructed ship encompass 100 passengers propelled by hydrogen fuel cell engine in 2010 (ZEMSHIPS, 2012). Another larger program for using fuel cells is “E4 Ship” project funded by German National Organization Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology. The project aims at applying larger ships and the total R&D budget is 50 million EUR from the period of year 2009 to 2016 (e4ships, 2012).

从替代燃料角度看，从2006年到2010年“零排放”（ZEM）船舶已经实现。大部分的参与者是德国组织，并获得欧盟环境（LIFE）的金融工具的支持。他们建造的由氢燃料电池发动机的船搭载100名乘客，在2010年下水（ZEMSHIPS，2012）。使用燃料电池的另一个大项目是由德国国家氢能及燃料电池技术组织出资的“E4船”项目。该项目旨在应用于大型船舶，总研发预算50亿欧元，期限从2009年至2016年（e4ships，2012）。

Japan also has invested in the field of development of low emission ships. The representative project is “Super Eco-Ship” Project supported by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. As shown by the Figure 14, the concept of Super Eco Ship encompasses the optimum hull form design and adoption of Podded and contra rotating propeller (Minami & Kawanami, 2005).

日本也投资低排放船舶发展领域。代表项目是由国土资源部、基础设施和运输部支持的“超级生态船”项目。如图14，超级环保船的概念包括优化船型设计，采用吊舱式的和反旋转的螺旋桨（Minami & Kawanami, 2005）。

Also, the renowned shipping company NYK Line is aiming at 69% reduction of CO2 emission by applying fuel cells (NYK Line, 2012). Recently, the University of Tokyo has been developing next generation sailing ship named “Wind Challenger”, which can mitigate CO2 emission as much as 33% and save 30% of fuel consumption with aids of optimum routing and retractable sails (University of Tokyo, 2012).

此外，著名船舶公司日本邮船（NYK Line, 2012）是针对采用燃料电池的二氧化碳排放量减少69%。近日，东京大学命名了一直致力开发的下一代帆船为“风挑战者”，它依靠最优路途航标和收放帆，可以减少二氧化碳排放量高达33％，节省燃油消耗30％（University of Tokyo, 2012）。

Figure A concept of super eco-ship

一个超级生态船概念图

Source: Minami & Kwanami (2005), On the Research and Development of Super Eco-Ship Project, Proceedings of 5th Int’l Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Seoul, Korea.

Conclusively, many European organizations support the R&D activities for reducing GHG emissi本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。