摘要:本文主要分析爱尔兰的东开普省公园的可持续发展问题,东开普省公园和旅游局致力在更广泛的社区实现自然资源的可持续性使用,这种使用不会对生态系统和子孙后代带来负面影响。
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Evaluate control measures
Choose control method
Implement control measures
Source: Van Well – Stam et al, 2004
Risk is actually a measure of the amount of uncertainty that exists and it is directly tied to information. Risk relates primarily to the extent of the ability to predict a particular outcome with certainty and is shown in figure 2.
Fig 2: Risk relationship between information and uncertainty
No information Some information Complete information
Amount of Risk
Total uncertainty Relative uncertainty Total certainty
It is important to recognise from the outset that identification and characterization of risks is an inherently subjective process that may be influenced by the personal beliefs, training and experience of the individual who makes judgements about the risks (Bowden et al, 2001). Risk management is the systematic application of management policies, processes and procedures to the tasks of identifying, analysing, assessing, treating and monitoring risk. The aim of the risk management process is to reduce exposure to the consequences of risk events to levels that are considered acceptable to the business (Bowden et al, 2001). Bowden et al goes on to state that the risk process allows risk treatment actions to be selected on the basis of the nature of the risk and its components, namely likelihood and consequence.
The most important risks that have been identified to the sustainable harvesting of honey bush are the following:
Climate Change: will lead to longer and hotter summers with decreased average rainfall and increased incidents of storm events and the migration of species between biomes;
Fire: longer and hotter summers will lead to an increased incidents of fires (both natural and man made) that will ultimately have a negative effect on biodiversity and ecosystems;
Vegetation changes: migration of species due to localised and regional climatic changes; changes in biome boundaries and a potential increase in desertification due to poor farming practices.
SUSTAINABILITY AND TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE
Stuart Hart stated in Beyond Greening: Strategies for a Sustainable Word (Harvard Business Review, Jan – Feb 1997, pp67 – 76) that “the environmental revolution has been almost three years in the making and it has changed forever how companies do business. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, corporations were in a state of denial regarding their impact on the environment”. He further stated that “beyond greening lies an enormous challenge and an enormous opportunity. The challenge is to develop a sustainable global economy; an economy that the planet is capable of supporting indefinitely.”
The notion of the triple bottom line has taken the two existing components of bottom line reporting, economic and environmental and has added a social component as well to get the triple bottom line reporting. Social reporting has introduced a new value to the traditional reporting and in South Africa; the JSE has recognised the importance of this by introducing the Social Responsibility Index (SRI) where companies are evaluated according to their social responsibilities. The King Report on
Corporate Governance of South Africa 2001 (“King II”) recommended that a company should report on certain non – financial issues. This
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