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h a students- centeredteaching theory. In the perspective of humanity, participatory approach can facilitate theequality of students and the teacher and build up right “student’s value” and “teacher’svalue”.For the practical significance, participatory approach in listening teaching can helpstudents develop their listening strategies and develop a learning habit of “learning in thecooperation” “learning in the problem solving situation” “learning in communication”.Also, participatory approach is organized in class, in groups, and personally.It is an organicintegration of the traditional and modern teaching organization.
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Chapter II Literature Review

1. An Overview of English Listening Teaching
Listening is a common thing in our daily life, so it seems like rather simple. However,when a person listens to second language or foreign language, he will feel the listeningprocess is extremely complex. In language learning field, many scholars give thedefinitions of the listening:1. Listening is an initiative, purposeful information processing process to make sense ofwhat listeners heard. (Helgesen, 2003)2. Listening comprehension is a process of comprehending the utterance in first languageor second language. The listening comprehension of second language focus on singularlinguistic unit like phoneme, word, grammatical structure, listeners’ prediction,situationand context, background information and topic. (Richards&Schmidt，2002)3. Listening is regarded as an active process, in which listeners select and explain theinformation they have heard and confirm what is happening and what speakers want toexpress.(Rubin, 1995)4. Listeners will be motivated to participate in a listening procedure using both linguisticcues and non-linguistic knowledge aimed at obtaining meaning. The essence of listening isthat the learner must be to encouraged by a communicative purpose'. (Littlewood, 2000)In the above definition of listening, words like “active” and “construct” are contained.Apparently, listeners are not simply decoding the content they heard. Rubin (1995)lastlypoints out in his definition that “ active” referring to listeners obtain the information fromsignals and associate it with previous knowledge actively; “select” means listeners only usepart of input information in the process of comprehending input; “explain” indicatedlisteners infer the speakers’ intention using background knowledge and obtainedinformation.
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1.2 Three Listening Processing Models
Listening process is a dynamic interacting process between input information andlisteners’ existing knowledge instead of a simple decoding literal language information.Listeners always need to make an analysis, combination, conclusion of received soundsand signals by active conceptual work to realize semantic reconstruction. Through hardworking of psychologists and foreign language workers, a listening process theory isproposed, which illuminates three listening models: bottom-up model, top-down model andinteractive model. So concerning about different listening model, different teachingapproach should be corresponding.The bottom-up model (Carrell, 1983) refers to listening materials are treated as corpusdata sources. From this perspective, the starting point of listening comprehension processis receiving relevant corpus and then analyzing every sound, word, phrase and sentenceuntil listeners make the fu