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uildings. It also can be characterized by a building or group of buildings towards which the space is directed, and to which all surrounding structures are related.

 

The reason why people extremely concerned about enclosure of square comes from the need of safety, comfort and contained. Some of them even thought square must be entirely closed. But, in fact, unenclosed squares are not always uncomfortable and unsafe. ‘That fact that people feel more comfortable in a space which is at least partly enclosed is hard to explain. To begin with, it is obviously not always true. For example, people feel very comfortable indeed on an open beach, or on a rolling plain, where there may be no enclosure at all. ’(Alexander C 1977, p. 520). Clare Cooper found: people seek areas which are partially enclosed and partly open --- not too open, not too enclosed (1969). In other words, the extent of enclosure should be carefully considered when we do distribution. With no doubt, enclosure is one principle of making beautiful square, but there is no absoluteness.

 

Discovery public square

People want coherence and a sense of safety in public spaces, but they don’t want blandness (Kaplan and Kaplan 1989, Marsh 1990). To be honest, sometime, we focus too much on safety. However, comfort couldn’t make the square exciting at all. Lovatt and O’connor(1995), others, have written about ‘liminal’ spaces – those formed in the interstices of everyday life and outside ‘normal’ rules – where different cultures meet and interact. Discovery might also involve programmes of animation…'We wanted a place that was green and that was a center of activity for downtown, but we didn't want a place that was tranquil and beautiful, but there was nothing to do.” explains Bob Gregory. (a former General Motors executive who oversaw the planning of Campus Martius)Therefore, what we need for square is the attractions for seeking people. The psychological attraction to the square comes from curiosity. It is different from Sitte’s principle, actually, as we walking through a place, we like to see the diversification. It is our innate habit to discover the space.

 

So, practically speaking, distribution of square might be only one small fraction of making successful square. A square must content lots of factors to be really successful. Undoubtedly, square is designed for people to use. Therefore the functional facility should be the physical attraction to all the users. Jan Gehl simplified that ‘outdoor activities in public spaces can be divided into three categories, each of which places very different demands on the physical environment: necessary activities, optional activities and social activities.’ (1971) For square, the necessary activities are generally compulsory. So transportation and shopping facilities should be included and they would be used mostly all time. But optional activities in squares are more relied on the exterior condition. Therefore, the diversification of optional activities could make square suit for different w本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。