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《初中英语阅读教学中的文化图式》----Cultural schemata in junior English reading teaching
许多学者认为不同文化态度及价值中的不同之处是外语阅读中存在问题的重要原因之一。一些学者认为如果文化背景知识对学习者来说非常熟悉的话，那么掌握一门知识会相对容易的多。
初中英语阅读教学；文化图式；junior English reading teaching

Chapter One Literature Review
1.1 Previous Research Abroad
The role of schema in reading comprehension is now beyond dispute.Schemata are accessed,and often elaborated during the process of comprehension.For a full understanding of schema and access to it,it is essential to know the development of schemata and cultural schemata abroad.
1.1.1 The History of Schema Theory
The schema theory can be dated back to as early as the ancient Greece.However,it was Kant,a German philosopher,who first introduced the word schema as the innate structure which can be used to help us perceive the world.Kant wrote the chapter on Schematism in his Critique of Pure Reason to solve the problem that how we can ensure that categories have sense and significance.
According to Kant(1787),a posteriori concept has sense and significance when they are derived from the mental images that are based on experienced sense impressions,and a priori concept has sense and significance when they are derived from the non–experienced mental schemata,traces,outlines,sketches,monograms,or minimal images.Kant confirmed the importance of background knowledge in understanding the text.
Jean Piaget,a Swiss psychologist,further developed the schema theory.According to Piaget (1953),schema is the certain pattern and organizations of behaviors.Children can use the process of assimilation and accommodation so as to construct a schema for how they perceive and to understand what they are experiencing.Assimilation is a kind of process of one using the existing schema to solve the confronting problems,and accommodation means that one initiatively alter his or her schema to adapt to a new environment and achieve his or her goal when assimilation does not work.Also,Piaget described three kinds of schemata,that is, behavioral schemata,symbolic schemata and operational schemata.Behavioral schemata are the organized patterns of behaviors that can be used to represent and respond to the objects and experiences.Symbolic schemata are the internal mental symbols,such as some images or verbal codes that one can use to represent certain aspects of experience.And operational schemata are the internal mental activities that one can perform on objects of thought.
It was through the work of Sir Frederic,a British psychologist,that the concept of schemata could be initially introduced into the field of Psychology and Education.Bartlett(1932)defined schema as“an active organization of the past reactions,or of past experiences,which should always be operating in a well-adopted organic response”.He believed that when one wants to learn something new,he has to rearrange its structure and alter its organization,and the whole process is influenced by learner’s prior knowledge.Bartlett discovered that most people found it very hard to recall a story exactly,and he suggested that the elements of the story that could not fit into the schema of the listener were either omitted from recollection or transformed into another familiar form.According to him,the memory takes a form of schema which can provide the mental framework for understanding and remembering the information,and it is people’s expectations or prior knowledge which are presented by some form of schema that shape their un本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。