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Chapter Two Literature Review

2.1 Theory of pragmatic empathy
He Ziran published his essay which is entitled as “Pragmatic empathy in linguisticcommunication” in 1991. He introduced the detailed empathic application in linguistics in thispaper. He Ziran (1991:11-14) conducted an integrated research of pragmatic empathy withcommunicative strategy so as to put his theory of empathy. He proposed “In pragmatics, theparticipants of one conversation try to imagine and share their conversational partners’feelings and intentions through role-taking. So, in the conversational interaction, the speakercan express his beliefs, intentions, ideas, etc. from the perspective of his hearer so as to makehis utterance quite acceptable for the hearer; while the hearer tries to understand the speakerby taking the speaker’s perspective.”(He, 1991:11) He studies empathy from two perspectives:pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics. His theory on pragmatic empathy will be introducedin the following sections.
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2.1.2 The Socio-pragmatic aspect of empathy
The socio-pragmatic aspect of empathy concerns with intercultural verbalcommunication. When we communicate with people from other cultures, we are oftenconfronted with languages, rules and norms different from our own. Therefore, it is necessaryfor us to be aware of not only our own culture but also that of others. People who speakChinese as their native language should respect the pragmatic habits of people from othercultures (ibid: 13).The following example shows that different cultural norms lead to failure in interculturalcommunication. A is a Chinese student who studies in America, and B is a local resident. In this conversation, the Chinese student is kind, warm-hearted and ready to help others.It is sure that he would be praised instead of being criticized if the hearer is from the Chinesecultural background. However, in the above conversation, B is an American. As we all know,Americans are famous for their protection of privacy and independence. So A’s words areoffensive to B. A should have taken the socio-pragmatic aspect of empathy into considerationto avoid this. In this section, He Ziran’s pragmatic empathy theory is briefly introduced.Next,Verschueren’s Linguistic Adaptation Theory will be introduced.
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Chapter Three Research Design........16
3.1 Hypothesis....... 16
3.2 Purpose........16
3.3 Methodology......... 16
3.3.1 Questionnaire........ 16
3.3.2 Interview..... 17
3.4 Test......... 18
3.5 The classroom experiment........ 19
3.6 Sample lessons...... 19
Chapter 4 Result.......27
4.1 Result.......... 27
4.1.1 Data from questionnaire.......27
4.1.2 Data from the pretest and posttest.......27
4.2 Analysis of data from questionnaire........ 29
4.3 Analysis of data from pretest and posttest.... 30
4.4 Data from interview........ 31
4.5 Comparison between experimental and control sample classes...... 32
Chapter 5 Findings and Suggestions......35
5.1 Findings........... 35
5.2 Suggestions........... 36

Chapter 5 Findings and Suggestions

5.1 Findings
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