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y remedies the defects thatlearners have not enough opportunities to be exposed in authentic contexts inclassroom and facilitates the development of college English writing teaching.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Concepts involved in the study
This section will first introduce some concepts of the study, such as the definitionof schema, the categories of schema, the features of schema, the knowledge of corpus,and types of corpora as well. The concept of schema (pl. schemata or schemas) was originally proposed byGerman philosopher Immannel Kant in 1781. In Critique of Pure Reason, Kantdescribes schema as “innate structure, which organized our world” (Kant, 1781).According to Kant, human beings have ability to organize information in the form ofschemata.Contribution for modern concept of schema is originally attributed to the famousBritish psychologist: Frederic Bartlett. He provides another explanation for theconcept of schema in his book Remembering: a Study in Experimental and SocialPsychology. He describes schema as “reaction or active organization for pastexperience or knowledge” (Bartlett, 1932). Besides, he applies schema concept to thestudy of memory and knowledge structure, which greatly develops schema theory.Based on Bartlett’s research, many scholars develop the concept of schemarespectively. Absorbing the latest achievements in artificial intelligence field in the1970s, Rumelhart further describes schema as “building blocks of cognition” (Rumelhart, 1975), “data structure of representing the generic concepts stored inmemory”, “previous knowledge structure” (Rumelhart, 1980). Cook (1983) claimsthat schemata which represent stereotypical patterns are retrieved from memory andemployed in the process of our understanding of discourse. Anderson & Pearson(1984) define schema this way, “A schema is an abstract knowledge structure. Aschema is abstract in the sense that it summarizes what is known about a variety ofcases that differ in many particulars”.
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2.2 Theoretical foundation
The first theoretical foundation of the present study is schema theory which is akind of theory that cognitive psychologists use to explain the mental process. A groupof scholars have contributed for the development of schema theory. Among thosescholars, Kant, Bartlett, and Rumelhart are the most prominent figures. Schematheory was originally proposed by Kant in 1781, while modern schema theory wasproposed by Bartlett in 1932 on the basis of Gestalt psychology. Then, Rumelhartfurther developed schema theory after absorbing the latest achievements in artificialintelligence field in the 1970s.With regard to modern schema theory, the main representatives are Bartlett,Rumelhart, Cook, Bussmann, Brown, Yule, and Minsky. They all attempt to accountfor cognition from the perspective of schema theory, and demonstrate the functionsand features of schema. Among them, Rumelhart makes great contributions for thedevelopment of schema theory. In the late 1970s, researches on schema theorygradually extend from psychology to the teaching of foreign language, such as themental process of reading, listening, and language acquisition.
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Chapter 3 Research Methodology ....37
3.1 Research questions......37
3.2 Participants......37
3.3 Instruments......38
3.3.1 AntConc 3.2.1.w .....38
3.3.2 Corpora .......39
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