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nkett, 2009, p. 201). A huge amount of revenue collected from airfare and other airplane services to a great deal therefore, goes to meeting the company's internal and external costs. However, there exist a couple of treaties among countries, which allow the airlines companies to obtain tax-free fuel.

According to Shaw (2004), airline companies have limited ability of controlling price of air tickets (45). Shaw argues that, the price of an air ticket add up of surcharges, taxes and fees since airline companies aids governments in collecting taxes. This leaves the airline companies with less chances of manipulating ticket prices. Plunkett (2009) adds that it is the duty of airline companies to ensure that government laws and regulations are complied.

The price for airline services depends on time of booking, load factor, demand forecast, competition, time, and day of departure (Shaw, 2004, p. 88). According to Calder (2006), most airlines employ price discrimination allowing them to sell their services to different segments at different prices simultaneously. This is achieved by dividing customers into classes namely Economy, Business, and First Class (p, 267). Shaw (2004) argues that, 'Origin destination control' is one of the adverse complications affecting airfare-ticketing (p, 216). This has however, been resolved with the advance of the computerised system. The computerised system also allows airlines to forecast with precision, the number of passengers to fly after bookings. The airline companies therefore, result to overbooking to avoid the tendency of airplanes flying with empty seats.

行业的趋势——Trends in the Industry

Currently, ownership of airlines has changed to individual organizations and private sectors in most countries. In some regions however, the government still owns the international airlines. According to Shaw (2004), privatization of the airline companies enhances competition, freedom of operation and freedom of pricing. This leads to low prices for air services leading to a spurt in customer growth (p. 155). Moreover, demand in the airline industry has had a consistent growth especially in countries that has allowed for de-regulation.

Fisk (2011) argues that, the economic performance of the airline industry observes a cyclic pattern with years of good performance proceeding years of bad performance (p. 241). Fisk adds that, profits are usually low and are often utilised to upgrade services and purchase of new planes. On the other hand, airline companies suffer huge setbacks in case they incur losses. This has made it difficult for airline companies to pay back capital employed hence regarded by many as the most difficult business to manage (p. 162). There has been a recent tendency towards consolidation of the airline industry. This has seen takeovers, mergers, equity arrangements, alliances, and partnerships of airline companies. These consolidations however, occur in the same country since most governments restrict consolidation between companies of diverse jurisdiction. This has enhanced efficiency within the industry and has seen most airlines lobby for consolidation from their respective governments.

服务质量和航空公司竞争——Services Quality and Airlines Competition

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