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II Literature Review

2.1 Studies on CBI
Content Based Instruction (CBI) is an approach that integrates language learning with subject matter.The approach reveals that language is used as a medium for content learning and the integration oflanguage with subject matters is a good condition for foreign language learning. CBI is aimed to improvelearner’s language skills while they are learning content matters conveyed by the language. Content Based Instruction (CBI) began from St. Lambert’s ―Immersion Program in the 1960s inMontreal, Canada (Lambert & Tueker, 1974). Widdowson (1978) firstly suggested language and contentshould be fully integrated, so that the language learning can be learned with other subjects. From the aboveliterature, we find there is no uniform definition of CBI, but one common feature is the language teachingshould focus on the content and practice what they have learned in communication, rather than learning apile of scattered words and sentences, or just as a memory of language. Brinton believes that CBI is asynthesis of specific content and language teaching, aiming to teach language skills and academicknowledge at the same time (Liu Huili, 2007). Content is ―what we want to teach ―What students want tolearn (Brinton, 1997).

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2.2 Studies on autonomous learning
Holec (1987) was the first person independently defined autonomous learning ability as the learner’sability to be responsible for their own study, and thought this kind of learning is not an act, but a can beacquired ability through training. If learners develop and have such a self-learning ability, he or she will beable to determine their own academic goals, learning content and progress, choose to learn methods andtechniques to monitor the acquisition process and self-assessment of learning. Broadly speaking, Holecthinks the meaning of autonomous learning ability is an individual learning management and organizationfor learners, and learners are responsible for the management of language learning and learners themselves.Dickinson (1987) once defined it as a self-learning process and activity in which learners areresponsible for all decisions and to decide how to implement these decisions. The main highlight ofDickinson definition is learners are responsible for their own learning and can take decisions and optionson how to complete this learning activity.D. Little (1991) believes that autonomous learning ability is an essential psychological relation ofindependent learners, learning process and the learning content. Namely, it is a transcendent, criticalthinking, decision-making and the ability to act independently. Therefore, he believes it cannot be seen asnew teaching methods, but the ability of learners to grasp their own learning (D. Little, 1990).―Autonomous learning ability is essential, so learner be able to determine their own learning goals andcreate learning opportunities should be called self-directed learners.(Nunan, 1995, 133-158)
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III Methodology and Research Design ........ 18
3.1 Research questions ...... 18
3.2 Subjects...... 18
3.3 Instruments ...... 19
3.3.1 Autonomous English Learning Questionnaire (AELQ) ..... 19
3.3.2 Self-efficacy of English learning Questionnaire (SELQ).本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。