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just use only one method singly, because combination will maintain people’s interest and motivation. So the manager gives responses to the needs of waiters, to give proper job to waiter, to improve their enthusiasm, furthermore, to fasten their learning process of being a competent waiter. As to the waiter, like what Knowles Model states, they identify their needs--making money or accumulating the real experiences, direct their own action autonomously. They analyze their own prior experiences under the help of their manager, becoming familiar with their new job as soon as possible. The manager according his analysis designs his training program, and then implements his training program. Both the manager and waiter often evaluate the training. While, the manager evaluates the waiter from the waiter’ action and gusts’ response to the waiter’s service, and the waiter does the same thing. And then a new circle will begin. All of the process is just like what Knowles Model described above. The management of a coffee shop is operating quietly on the basis of Knowles Model. So a programming model can be adopted in not only in purely educational contexts but also public, social and commercial situation such as in a coffee shop, the Knowles Model is a very pretty good choice.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Knowles Model thinks learners should be self-directed and analyze their own needs of learning and prior experience. They are learning-from analyze their needs of learning to evaluate their leaning under the help of educator. Freire Model thinks the oppressed starts their learning-from analyze their situation to liberate from oppression with the assist of educator who is not problem solver but a question poser. Both of the two models use inductive method in their programming model. However, they do differ from each other on the characteristics of leaner and the role of adult educator. Learners should be self-directed and educators are a helper in Knowles Model. However, they are the oppressed and problem posers respectively in Freire Model. Both of them can be adopted in some relevant fields, a coffee shop can operate very well on the basis of Knowles Model.

References

Brookfield, S, (1986). “Understanding and facilitating adult learning: A comprehensive analysis of principles and effective practices”. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Boone, E. (1985). “Development programs in adult education”. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Daines, J. Daines, C. and Graham, B. (1985) “Adult learning adult teaching”. Chippenham, UK: Anthony Rowe.

Edgar, J. Boone, R. Dale, S and Jo Jones. (2002). “Developing Programs in Adult Education: A Conceptual Programming Model”. Prospect Heights, I11: Waveland Press, pp15-49.

Freire, P. (1972). “Pedagogy of the oppressed”. Harmondaworth, UK: Penguin.

Jayne, B. & Ann, R. (2003). “Planning and Preparation for Effective Instruction” in Irene M.A Henley (Eds), Aviation Education and Training: Adult Learning Principles and Teaching Strategies. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, pp177-206.

Knowles, M.S, (1970). “The modern practice of adult education: Andragogy versus pedagogy”. New York: Association Press.

Newman, M, (1995). “Program development in adult education and training” in G. Fole本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。