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agement in private universities, chapter 4 presents a review of total quality management while in chapter 5 it is implementation in private universities. These four chapters will review the literature related to this study. As such a wide literature search was undertaken. The sources include books, electronic and paper journals, conference proceedings and international universities, quality assurance agencies’ websites. The bibliographies of journal articles provide a rich source for further investigation.

Many international research studies and PhD’s were discussing and searching for the applicability of Total Quality Management (TQM) in Higher Education, but it was found to be limited for Arab Higher Education. Since that the researcher start looking for the Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport Academy libraries (Abo Kir, Miami, Cairo branch) to have any PhD’s, articles in the subject of TQM in Higher Education. Unfortunately no articles, papers nor PhD’s found.

Some of the international PhD’s studies found for TQM in Higher Education were as follows:

A Total Quality Management Methodology for Universities (2011). This research document is motivated by the need for a systemic, efficient quality improvement methodology at universities. The main objective of this study is to develop a TQM Methodology that enables a university to efficiently develop an integral total quality improvement (TQM) Plan.

Quality management in Hungarian higher education - Organisational responses to governmental policy (2006). This study focuses on the question of how higher education institutions respond to governmental reform, and specifically, which organisational characteristics influence quality management implementation within them, and whether it is possible to characterise and explain this relation. Why is this important and relevant question?

The applicability of Total Quality Management to higher education: A comparative study of perceptions of community college chief academic officers and chief financial officer (2005). The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of public community college chief academic officers and chief financial officers regarding the application of Total Quality Management (TQM) to community college operations and management. Significant findings indicated that chief academic officers and chief financial officers perceived themselves as being more knowledgeable than faculty or administrators regarding TQM, efforts to implement TQM at public community colleges have been minimal and continuous improvement principles have been used most frequently at public community colleges.

TQM-based self –Assessment I Educational Organizations- Help or Hindrance, (2004). The aim with the research is to explore the appropriateness, usefulness and experienced benefit of using the TQM concept, with its values, methodologies and tools, in educational organizations in order to support organizational learning and quality improvements. The results indicate that TQM-based self-assessment might be a fruitful way to stimulate quality improvements in the university system, but there are also different hindrance observed.

TQM Model of Elements-Deployment Table Developed from Quality Award and its Application (2004). The purposes of this research are considering the passage of progressing of the qual