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ity award, creation, extracting and synthesizing of the TQM element by the Functional Analysis of each award, making the TQM Elements Deployment Table that becomes the result an anchor, the TQM element of each award comparison, the analysis of those features, next the investigation and the research of utilization of the TQM element in the management, and the contribution to the development of TQM in the future.

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION-An Evaluation of the Impact of Assessment and Audit on the Quality of Teaching and Learning in the Scottish Universities (2000). This study explores the concepts of quality, and quality assurance of learning and teaching, in higher education. Utilising data from interviews with senior personnel in the thirteen Scottish universities, we explore the perceived impact of the Teaching Quality Assessments over the period 1993t o 1998, and the extent to which these may have resulted in quality enhancement. For higher education institutions, seeking real quality enhancement we propose that a Total Quality Management (TQM) approach has much to offer. TQM relies on the creation of a culture of quality, to which every member of staff is committed. It is a culture in which innovation and development are encouraged and is an approach which sits well in a collegiate environment such as that found in a higher education institution.

Although all the above PhD’s researches focuses on the need of improving the quality of education in universities by using TQM approach, still there is no evidence of research on how to use total quality management improvement initiative for the private universities, which is the main contribution of this study. Also it was noted that there are no one definition unify the quality in higher education with relation to Total Quality Management.

1.6 Challenges for doing the research in higher education

The major challenge Egypt’s foresee today is to prepare the citizens to participate effectively in the international labor market that is characterized by dire competition. This is the most serious challenge facing Egypt in its efforts to reform higher education, though not the only challenge.

Another major challenge is the globalization with its connected characteristics of expanding economic, cultural and political networks of affiliation and association across national borders around the world is now fully articulated to higher education system in Egypt. Moreover, the advancement of knowledge and technology introduces another challenge in thinking about the consequences of technology uses and the mass knowledge for the learning opportunities and outcomes of students and the need for developing the higher education system in Egypt to be able to deal with these challenges.

The growth of globalization and knowledge economies has led to the emergence of the private sector and civil society as key stakeholders with strong interest in the Research, Development and Innovation (RDI) of higher education system.

1.6.1 Globalization

The educational reform process in Egypt stems from a thorough analysis of the nature of local, regional and world changes, increasing effects of globalization, knowledge era and IT revolution and of the latest advancements in knowledge and technology.

Rapid globalization is one of the most salie