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though和although引导的让步状语从句,一般说来无多大差别,although语气要重一些,使用场合比though更正式一些。但在表意上它们还是有细微的差别:即though引导的让步从句往往表设想的让步,接近于even though(even if),句中谓语动词多用虚拟语气形式;而although引导的让步从句往往事实上的让步。若它们分别表达上述不同意义时,不能互相换用,可以分别译为“即使”、“虽然”。试比较:

1. Though all the word were against me,I should still how to my opinion.

即使全世界的人都反对我,我还是要坚持自己的意见。

2. He was not unhappy although he had to live alone.(表事实)

虽然他不得不独自生活,但他并不感到不快乐。

Even though或even if也和though一样,可以表达现实让步或设想让步两种意义。若表示设想让步,句中谓语动词也常用虚拟语气形式。试比较:

1. Even though he were here,he could not find a solution the problem at once,too.(表设想)

即使他在这里,他也不能立刻找到解决这个问题的方法

2. There is a definite number of grains of sand and a definite number of drops of water,even though(if) you do not know what that number is.(表事实)

沙粒和水滴是有一定数量的,尽管你不知道那个数字到底是多少。

连词as在正式语体中也可引导让步状语从句,意思与though引导的让步从句相同。as引导的让步从句通常使用倒装语序。句型是:形容词(副词、名词、不带to的动词不定式)+as+主语+谓语(复合谓语的一部分)。例如:

1. Child as he is he knows three foreign languages.

尽管他是个孩子,他懂三种外语。

2. Heavily as it was raining,they didn’t stop working.

尽管下得很大,他们并没停止工作。

Though引导的让步从句有时也采用倒装语序,尤其是从句是系表结构时。例如:

Cold though it was,we all went out.

尽管很冷,我们都出去了。

连词whether…or…或whether…ot not引导的让步状语从句,其让步的意义多限制在两种情况以上,可译为“不管……是否……”,“不管是……还是……”。例如:

1·Whether he drives or takes the train he’ll be here on time.

不管他开汽车来,还是乘火车来,他总会准时到达的。

2.The working conditions are applicable,whether the product is pure or not.

不管产品是否纯,这些操作条件总是可以采用的。

No matter+疑问词(what,who,which,when,where等)以及由这些疑问词+ ever也可引导让步从句,表达一种比though等引导的从句更为强烈的让步意义。例如:

1·No matter which(whichever) willage she was sent to,she always worked hard.

无论派她去哪个村,她总是认真工作。

2.No matter where(wherever) you go,you can’t escape from yourself.

无论你走到哪里,都不可能摆脱你自己。

It does not matter+疑问词也相当于no matter+疑问词结构。如:

It does not matter how hard I try,I can never catch up with him.

不管我怎样使劲,也赶不上他。

二、if,when,while引导的从句表达让步的意义

if,when,while引导的状语从句,除分别表达条件、时间外,也可表达内容与主句内容在意义上相抵触、甚至相反的意义,或其前有even相当于even though(if)表示让步的意义。这种让步可能是“事实的让步”也可能是“设想的让步”,可译为“就算,即令,即使,尽管”等。例如:

1·If your teacher was there,I did not see her.

就算你的老师在那,可我没见到他。

2.While this it true of some,it is not true of all.

虽然部分是真的,但并非全都是真的。

3.Even when it was raining heavily,he refused to take an umbrella.

即使下着大雨,他也不肯带把伞。

If any与if ever也可表示让步的意义,通常伴有little, few,seldom等准否定词。例如:

1.There are very few trees,if any.

即令有树也极少。

2.It occurs seldom,if ever.

这种事即使有,也很少发生。

三、定语从句表示让步

在特定的语言环境中,定语从句有时在意义上兼有让步的意义。在这种情况下,将从句译为让步的意义,更能表达原文的意思。例如:

1.He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.

他坚持再造一幢房子,尽管他并无此需要。

2.My assistant,who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment,could not obtain satisfactory result,because he followed them mechanically.

尽管我的助手在做实验前已从头到尾仔细阅读了说明书,可由于他生搬硬套,没能获得满意的结果。

四、并列分句表达让步意义

But,yet,however,still等连接的并列分句,通过两个分句的语意对比,可以体现让步的意义。一般地前一分句表示让步意义,后一分句则表示与前一分句内容相反的结果。可译为“虽然…本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。