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摘要：The emergence and existence of Chinglish is by no means ephemeral nor coincidental. It has its theoretical and practical background. To expose a valid picture of Chinglish, this chapter intends to present the practical background of its origination and shaping in China and its distinction from other conceptions.

y expressed in English. (He Mingzhu, 2000)

Bibliography
1. Clair Kramsch. Language and Culture Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
2.   Cobbett William, with introduction by Robert Burchfield. A Grammar of the English Language New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
3.David Kellogg. https://www.51lunwen.org/sampleenglishpaper/ English Matters Xi'an Communications Press, 1998..Eckersley, C. E. Essential English for Foreign Students Longman Groupe Ltd 1975.
4.   Geoff Thompson. Introducing Functional Grammar Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
5.   Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1994.

Chapter One A Brief Review of Chinglish 8-18
    1．1 Definition of Chinglish 9-10
    1．2 History of Chinglish 10-12
    1．3 Chinglish vs China English 12-16
    1．4 Chinglish and English Varieties 16-18
Chapter Two Relevant Theories 18-24
    2．1 Second Language Acquisition 18-21
        2．1．1 Contrastive Analysis and Error Analysis 18-20
        2．1．2 Interlanguage and Fossilization 20-21
    2．2 The Relationship between Language, Culture and Thought 21-24
Chapter Three Manifestations of Chinglish due to Mother Tongue Interference 24-41
    3．1 Chinglish in Pronunciation 24-28
        3．1．1 Speech Sounds (Phonemes) 25-27
            3．1．1．1 Substitution of /t,s/ for /θ/ and /d,z/ for /(?)/ 25
            3．1．1．2 Confusion of /n/ and /1/ 25-26
            3．1．1．3 Putting Vowels after Certain Consonants 26-27
        3．1．2 Syllables 27-28
            3．1．2．1 Difficulty with Consonant Clusters 27-28
            3．1．2．2 Difficulty with Nasal Plosion 28
    3．2 Chinglish at the Lexical Level 28-36
        3．2．1 Redundancy 29-31
        3．2．2 Misuse of Words 31-33
        3．2．3 The Inversion of Word Order 33-34
        3．2．4 Ignorance of the Idiomatic English Expressions 34
        3．2．5 Improper Collocation 34-36
    3．3 Chinglish at the Syntactic Level 36-41
        3．3．1 Dangling Modifiers 36-37
        3．3．2 Shifts of the Subject 37
        3．3．3 Improper Placement of Linguistic Units 37-38
        3．3．4 Other Forms 38-41
Chapter Four Manifestations of Chinglish due to Different Cultures and Thinking Patterns 41-57
    4．1 Culture Rich Language Items 41-42
    4．2 Cultural Differences in Cognitive Perspective 42-48
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