英语论文网

ence in Western Countries
The scholars from all over the world have been studied gender differences for along time. They study it from difference perspectives, such as anthropology, sociology,linguistics and Education. And this kind of study can be found in very early times. Inancient Greek, Cicero (55 B.B.) noticed the gender differences on linguistic. Danishlinguist Otto Jespersen published Its Nature, Development and Origin in 1922. This isan influential piece in modern linguistics. There is an entire chapter of this book to tellthe differences of women’s speech and voice pitch. In the book, he made manyspeculations on women’s pReference for refined, euphemistic expression. But men usea lot of innovations and slang (Coates 1996: 18-20). The American psychologist E.L.Thorndike did an experiment and gave the result that female did better than male inlanguage expression, short-term memory; while male did better than female in spaceperceptivity, analysis ability, observation and deductive reasoning. Ellis (1994:178)and some other linguists moved this experiment forward. They focused on theindividual difference influencing the language learning, including the languagelearners’ age differences, gender differences, cognitive ability, character differences, studying motivation differences and so on. Since 1960s, with the flourishing ofwomen’s liberation, more and scholars’ attention paid on the linguistics and genderdifferences. Many studies have started to research it in many fields, such as linguistics,sociolinguistics and second language acquisition. In the study of gender differences,the first influential one is made by Tobin Lakoff and her book Language and Women’sPalace (2001). In this book she presented that “for the most part, females are expectedto use more tag questions, intensifier, hedges, color terms, embedded imperative andadjectives than men.” (Zhu Wanjin,1992:115). After this book, many empiricalresearchers have investigated every possible source of linguistic variation in sexdifference. Some researchers, such as Thorne and Henley, paid special attention tomake dominance in interaction and shifted the attention from females as the deficientuser of language to males as the dominance and controlling user. And also someresearch related to sex and language learning has been published; for example, sexand language achievement (Ehrman 1998)，sex and attitudinal factors, sex andlearning style (Bacon 1992) and sex and language learning strategies(Oxford 1989).

Chapter 2 Rationale and Methodology

2.1 Rationale of the Research
The relationship between language and society has a wide range of the affectfrom the interpersonal relationship to the international relations.From social perspective, two language behaviors are important. One thetransferring the meanings of the speakers, the other is the establishing socialrelationship. (Trudgill 1974). When we speak to others, we send our concepts, ideas toother people, and our accent, speaking style will show where we come from and whatbackground we have. In different communities, people use different linguisticresources to communicate with others for conveying social meanings and providingother levels of information.So, the study of language socialization puts attention on the process of becominga culturally competent member of the society through language activity. And the term“socialization” refers to the process of learning culture, and cult本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。