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1.1 Definitions of Sex and Gender
之前，我们要开始论文的细节，我们需要了解两个术语性别和社会性别。这两个术语具有相同的翻译，当我们试图说他们在中国。所以，这是很难理解到底是什么“性别”，是指，如何不同，如果从“性别”一词。现在，让我们来看看一些定义出这两方面。英国社会学家安东尼·吉登斯（1989:158）表明“性”的定义为“生物或解剖男性和女性之间的差异”，“性别”是指文化上的差异，心理，社会男性和女性之间。“性“是指男性和女性之间的生理差异，而”性别“是指基于性别的社会，文化范畴。成人内容不能被改变，则确定由遗传密码。性属于生物类。性别社会和基于性别的构造类别。（詹妮弗·科茨，1993）当我们谈论语言和性别，它并不专注于生物决定，而是把更多的侧重于社会文化层面的人类成男性和女性的人。（桑德兰，1994），“性别”一词也可以带来误解的时候才用语言无法连接。在某些语言，性别被用来作为技术语言长期在语法，如法国和德国。但在这篇论文中的性别是指一个社会的男性和女性之间的区别，多见的意思。
Before we going to start the details of the thesis, we need to understand twoterms—sex and gender. These two terms have the same translation when we try to saythem in Chinese. So, it is difficult to understand exactly what the term “gender” refersto, and how to differ if from the term “sex”. Now, let’s see some definitions of thesetwo terms. The sociologist Anthony Giddens (1989:158) of British showed thedefinition of “sex” as “biological or anatomical differences between men and women”,and “gender” “refers the cultural differences and psychological, social between malesand females.”“Sex” means the biological differences between males and females while“gender” refers to the social, cultural categories based on sex. Sex can not be changedand it is determined by the genetic codes. Sex belongs to a biological category.Gender is described socially and it is based on sex to construct categories. (JenniferCoates, 1993) When we talk about language and gender, it does not focus on thebiological determinations, but put more focuses on the socio-cultural dimension ofhuman into female and male person. (Sunderland, 1994)The word “gender” can also bring misunderstanding when it is used inconnection with language. In certain language, gender is used as a technical linguisticterm in grammar, such as French and German. But gender in this thesis refers to itsmore common meaning to a social distinction between masculine and feminine.
In order to give a better understanding for these two terms, some examples willbe given in following. In biologically, males have XY chromosomes while femaleshave XX chromosomes. Males have spermary when they are born and when theygrow up, they will have the mustache and the body hair will be thick. But females do not have all these characteristics. Females have breast and female can give birth to achild. When we talk about these things, we refer to the sex characteristics. If we say inmost of the world, women need to take care of the children and do more houseworkthan men, or we say women are gentle and soft while men are brave, then it belongsto the gender characteristics. Apparently, we can find gender is not stable and it can beformed or changed by culture or social context. We all know that the female person inbiologically perspective does not definitely become a female gender.
Lewontin (1982:142) gives an explanation for this. He says what gender identitya person has “depends on what label was attached to him or her …… These biologicaldifferences became a signal for, rather than a cause of, differentiation in social roles”.In August, 2003, Winrock International Agriculture Center held a LeadershipTrainning Workshop. The members in this training workshop were divided into fourgroups. After the training, they made the conclusion of boys and girls respectively.They respectively gave the description of boys and girls.

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