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Chapter One Literature Review

1.1 A Review of Researches on Stereotype Abroad
The term stereotype derives from printing industry in the eighteenth century todescribe a printing plate that duplicates any typography.The term of stereotype began to be used by psychiatrists in the 19th century todescribe a kind of repetitive and fixed behavior as well as a persistent mode ofexpression. When we communicate with people who are from a different country oran alien cultural background, it is natural for us to make generalizations andassumptions. And then we classify and put them into groups so that we can have aconvenient and effective communication with them in future. These generalizationsand assumptions can be a great help in the process of learning other cultures. But itmay also be dangerous when these generalizations become negative stereotypes whichare unrealistic or exaggerated assumptions of characteristics of other people.It was in 1922 that stereotype was first used in the sociology study and it wasWalter Lippmann who was an American journalist that mentioned this term in hiswork Public Opinion, in which he defined stereotype as a way of organizing imagesinto simple and fixed categories that people used to represent the whole collection ofpeople. He illustrated that stereotype was an oversimplified picture of the world. He pointed out that those stereotypes had both a cognitive component and an affectivecomponent. He took stereotype as a negative concept and thought it was illogical inorigin, rigidly resistant to new information and even incorrect.
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1.2 A Review of Researches on Stereotype at Home
With the rise of intercultural communication in China, many researches onstereotype have been conducted by Chinese scholars. They were carried out mainlyfrom two perspectives—psychological perspective and intercultural communicationperspective. Studies from psychological perspective were taken up by scholars such asWang Pei, Zuo Bin, Du Xiufang, and Sun Li. Professor Jia Yuxin (1997), HuWenzhong (1999), and Guan Shijie (1999) all discussed stereotype from theintercultural communication perspective. They explored the definition, characteristics,and causes of stereotype as well as the influences of stereotype on interculturalcommunication. It is worthwhile to point out that Guan Shijie mentions one section ofAttribution Theory in his discussion about stereotype, which is of great significance tounderstand and explore the genesis of stereotype. Gao Yihong (1995), who proposedthe concept of “paradox of intercultural communication”, thought that stereotypingwas reasonable as a psychological process of cognition. Based on this concept, it wasthought that stereotyping was neutral rather than derogatory in intercultural communication. Wen Weiping (2002) made a study of negative influence ofstereotype from an intercultural communication perspective.
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Chapter Two Theoretical Framework

2.1 Language and Culture
Language is a principal means of human communication. But very few of us know the truenature of language. It is essential and important to know about the definition andnature of language in foreign language teaching and learning. Many philosophers,historians, and linguists have been exerting every effort to define the nature oflanguage from different points of view.The distinguished linguist and anthropol本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。