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ial meanings, but also play a special part in the text or text-type (Stubbs,2010: 21). Keywords conduce to the "search for unit of meaning" (Sinclair, 1996) from thelinguistic viewpoint; while from the perspective of sociology，they are components of “avocabulary of culture and society" (Williams, 1983). According to Stubbs (2010: 21-32)，there are three quite different senses of the term "keywords". Basically, all three sensesshare the similar notion of discourse as recurrent and conventional ways of talking thathelp human beings think about the world and spread in the social world at least.Sense One derives from the cultural studies and the best known example inEnglish-language work is Raymond Williams' book (1976，1983)，keywords: A Vocabularyof Culture and Society. And this tradition can be traced back even to forty years ago, whenJ.R. Firth (1935: 40，51)，referred to keywords as "sociologically important words，whichone might call focal or pivotal words". Williams proposes only about 120 "difficult words"as important in the culture intuitively based on his extensive scholarship. This approachcan only cover a small proportion of words but is not comprehensive for a language.Except a small set of widespread words (e.g. country, family，expert), many are sointellectual that most native-writers would not understand what they mean (e.g. hegemony, utilitarian, dialectic). In addition, keywords in this sense do not relate to texts andtext-types.
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2.2 Review of Previous Empirical Studies
Scott (1997) made a corpus-based analysis on the keywords and key keywords onfeatures stories of Guardian from 1992-4 (including 4672 separate texts) discussing a widerange of topics that are supposed to provide indications to the current preoccupations ofGuardian journalists and readers who broadly represent the political centre of educatedBritish Middle Classes. This paper described procedures for tackling the relationshipbetween writer schemata and text, and it was found possible to identify clumps ofassociated keywords, which appear to characterize current preoccupations, stereotypes andworld content schemata.The reference corpus used here consisted of over 70 million words of Guardian textsfrom 1992-4. WordSmith Tools (Scott, 1996) were utilized in the study to extract keywords,key keywords and associates and these notions were introduced in this study. According tokey keyword list of features stories，it showed，noticeably, that there are manyinterpersonal items which reflect genre characteristics of feature stories within journalism.Features tend to be more personal than city news stories.
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Chapter Three Research Design.......... 21
3.1 Research Questions........ 21
3.2 Research Corpora........ 21
3.2.1 Observed Corpus........ 22
3.2.2 Reference Corpus........ 23
3.3 Tools and Instruments........   23
3.4 Procedures........   24
3.5 Data Analysis........     24
Chapter Four Results and Discussion........   28
4.1 Keyword Number in L2 Timed Compositions........  28
4.2 The Distribution of Keywords in Compositions........37
4.3 The Relationship between the Use of Keywords........44
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