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kind  of  act.  In  his  view  (1962),  some  utterances  were  not  just  the  description, statements,  phatic  communion  or  questions  about  information,  but  were  actions (Austin,  1962).  The  essence  of  speech  acts  was  speakers  express  or  convey  the communicative  purpose,  thus  achieving  the  intention  of  communication.  Austin classified the utterances into two types: to do things and to describe things. They were termed  performatives  and  constatives  respectively.  Performative  utterances  was  used to  perform  an  act,  therefore  it  could  not  be  said  to  be  true  or  false,  but  it  could  be judged  as  proper  or  not  in  specific  situation.  Constative  utterance  was  verifiable, whose  truth  or  falsity  could  be  judged  under  the  context.  In  his  later  study,  some grammatical  criteria  could  be  used  to  distinguish  them.  Performatives  had  some common  grammatical  features,  such  as  simple  present  tense,  first  person,  indicative mood and active voice, in other words, it performed a speech act under the contextual situation. 
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2.2 Coherence in Discourse 
Coherence is a key concept in discourse analysis which has been studied in many different  disciplines,  including  linguistics,  philosophy,  philology,  sociology, psychology,  and  computer  science  (Louwerse  &  Graesse，2005).  Halliday  &  Hasan (1976,1985)  raised  the  theory  on  discourse  cohesion  and  coherence,  and  many linguists  and  scholars  developed  the  theory  in  different  aspects:  semantic  notion, illocutionary development and mental interaction between sender and receiver. In  Halliday  &  Hasan’s  opinion  (1985:  48),  a  text,  spoken  or  written,  was characterized by coherence. That meant, the previous utterance or information was the background  or  environment  of  the  following  utterance,  which  aroused  internal expectations  of  the  readers.  In  order  to  achieve  the  expectations  of  the  text,  the communicators needed to understand the context and cultures of the communications better. So Halliday & Hasan believed coherence of a text was realized in the texture, which  presented  certain  semantic  relations  between  its  parts  and  structural  features. Similarly,  the  essence  of  texture  was  also  related  to  the  reader’s  perception  of coherence and understanding under the context. So how can 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。