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 with  the  new ideas  and  have  a  good  knowledge  of  the  whole  country  and  the  western  world;  what’s more,  it  was  also  a  steppingstone  to  the  introduction  and  the  acceptance  of  western cultures,  political  system,  science  and  technology.  Soon  after  that,  the  feudal  rulers faced  serious  troubles  both  at  home  and  abroad.  Because  of  the  closed-door  policy, China was economically backward compared with the west. Thus, due to the special yet complicated politically and culturally circumstance, the latter translated fictions always carried  with  such  certain  purpose  such  as  provoking  Chinese  people  to  know  and understand the outside world.  A large number of scholars had researched the translated fictions during this period. Some  of  them  have  paid  great  attention  to  the  history  of  translation,  the  influencing factors,  the  related  Newspapers  and  some  other  perspectives.  However,  few  of  them have studied deeply of the Chinese elements in the translations. This kind of translation is closely related to the certain social circumstances and also the translators themselves. Although  the  large  number  of  studies  have  done  on  translation  and  newspaper  during the  late  Qing  Dynasty  and  the  early  Republication  period,  the  studies  on  Chinese elements from the view of manipulation theories is few. 
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Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW 

2.1 Previous Studies of Shen Newspaper

Shen Newspaper has lasted 78 years from 1872 to 1949, recording China since the late Qing dynasty and the development. It has a wide range of influence in various areas as  well  as  having  important  and  literary  value.  Shen  Newspaper  started  at  Shanghai  in 1872  and  Shen(申)  means  Shanghai  in  old  China.  Newspaper  is  regarded  as  the archives of history. The  articles published on  Shen Newspaper cover different kinds of areas  such  as  culture,  art,  economy  and  politics.  It  is  one  of  the  reasons  that  Shen Newspaper is known as the encyclopedia of researching modern history of China.      Recent  years,  more  and  more  people  pay  their  attention  to  Shen  Newspaper  from various aspects. One aspect focused on the development of this newspaper, for example, in  The  Development  and  Influence  of  Shen  Newspaper  (2010),  Liu  Lihong  analyzed three stages of Shen Newspaper and also pointes out the characteristics of each stage; in Shenbao(Shen  Newspaper)  which  also  本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。