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cal  novel  and  was  first  published  in 1726. In 1872 this novel was first introduced and translated into Chinese in the name of Tan Ying Xiao Lu. Jonathan Swift was one of the greatest masters of English satirical prose. Though his  life  time,  he  wrote  plenty  of  works.  But  most  of  his  works  were  published anonymously, except for Gulliver’s Travels. Being published on October 28, 1726, this masterpiece of Jonathan Swift has been translated in dozens of and spread widely in the world.  
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CONCLUSION

This thesis concentrates on the translation of Western fictions in the late Qing and early  Republic  of China  (1872-1919),  an  important  part  of  the  third translation  climax in  Chinese  literary  history.  At  the  period,  a  great  number  of  Western  advanced knowledge  and  learning,  new  ideas,  and  thought  were  introduced  into  China  through translation which caused great changes and developments to China’s political, cultural and  literary  systems.  However,  due  to  historical  and  social  factors,  early  translations such    Xin Xi Xian Tan, Tan Ying Xiao Lu, Yi Shui Qi Shi Nian and Nai Su Guo Qi Wen were  not  strictly  translations  because  the  translator  added  a  large  number  of  Chinese elements.   Andre  Lefevere’s  manipulation  theory  takes  the  social  background,  cultural elements  and  political  situation  into  account,  gives  a  reasonable  explanation  for  the translation  phenomena,  and  accounts  for  the  validity  and  value  of  translated  works. Manipulation  theory  provides  a  powerful  theoretical  support  which  promotes  people  a better understanding to translation phenomena and offers a new perspective for modern translation  studies.  Lefevere  divided  his  theory  into  three  main  parts:  ideology, patronage, and poetics. These three factors work together can provide a panoramic and reasonable explanation for many translation phenomena such as why the translators and editors  during  Late  Qing  and  the  Early  Republican  Period  of  China  chose  this  foreign novels  and  employed  these  strategies  instead  of  others;  why  the  translators  added  so many Chinese elements into when he translating the novels. 
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The reference (omitted)
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