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een writing to our politicians about animals becoming extinct.S2:B.More andmore animal species are becoming extinct.S3:C. Politicians have been fighting animal extinction for many years.解析: S表明政治家们开始应对动物灭绝的问题不一定是S1导致的, S1故可真可假,NOT GIVEN。S2是S提到政治家对动物灭绝问题应对的事实前提, S2先于S存在, S2为真, S为真,所以S2为TRUE。S3的陈述是S陈述的关键时间、范围的错误描述, S3为FALSE.
(9) S: Most people would be amazed if they realized how many different type of insect life exist in their very own garden. S1: A. The majority of gardeners are not surprised at the range of insect life in their garden.S2: B. It is impossible to count the different types of insect life in a garden.S3: C. There are different types of insect life in the average garden.解析: S中并未提及gardeners以及他们的态度, S1的真值无从判断, S1为NOTGIVEN. S2可以由主观猜出,但S客观上并未直接推出S2的真, S2也为NOT GIVEN. S3的真,是S人们感到惊讶的必要条件,因此S3为TRUE.(10) S: In the busy modern world we live in, it is very easy to take for granted many of the things our forebears had to struggle to achieve: adequately heated housing and sufficient food on the table, to name but two. S1: A. In the past, not all houseswere heated. S2: B. Our lives are better than those of people in the past.S3: C. Our forebears worded hard for at least two things thatwere housing and food.解析: S未就是否过去的房屋有供热事实进行陈述, S1的真假无从判断。S1为NOT GIVEN.同理, S2不是S能推导出来的, S2的真假不是S陈述的依据,故S2也为NOTGIVEN. S3的真是S陈述的前提事实,我们只不过对其存在的事实有态度问题罢了, S3是S的预设,故S3有真值,为TRUE.　　

蕴涵和预设涉及到语义学和语用学的相关理论。语义学和语用学都研究的是句子意义,但有所不同:“Semantics is generally defined as the study ofmeaning; Pragmatics is the scientific study ofhow language is used, ie, how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context.”[6]掌握好蕴涵和预设对我们学习英语语言知识有促进作用,有助于我们在语言测试中增强语言的正确判断理解,以及通过表面现象认识英语句子语义或语用本质,增强英语语言交际效果。因此我们在英语的教学过程和语言测试中可通过大量的蕴涵和预设语料分析,来提高学生的英语单句和语篇理解能力,并对测试题目做出正确判断。

参考文献:
[1] [奥]麦克纳马拉. Language testing[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2003.
[2]吴耀斌.从语义角度浅析预设与蕴涵的异同[J].科技信息·高校讲台, https://www.51lunwen.org/ 2007, (14).
[3]冉永平.语用学:现象与分析[M ].北京:北京大学出版社, 2006.
[4]尹华龙,李新龙.最新雅思阅读高分突破[M].北京:世界知识出版社, 2001.
[5]索振羽.语用学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2000.
[6]张莱湘.英语语言学笔记精华[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2005.

摘　要:英语的文本理解测试可以通过设置语篇阅读理解判断题型的方式进行,即单个句子的真值判断题,也即True, False, NotGiven选择类型。而教师则可通过帮助学生运用语言学的蕴涵、预设理论来对阅读理解测试中的句子进行语义判断,从而使其在句子理解测试中做出正确选择。

关键词:蕴涵;预设;阅读;判断;语言测试　　