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on instruction. For students, it would helpthem realize the pronunciation errors they have committed and then remedy and improve it.Furthermore, the present study would not only provide insights into the pronunciationproblems in Chaoyang region, but also give all L2 learners with a certain dialect someenlightenment on avoiding negative transfer from LI, and References and suggestions forother educators and researchers to conduct more valuable researches.
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Chapter 2 Literature Review

2.1 Theoretical Foundations
Language transfer is a kind of cross-linguistic influence, which is one of the importantfactors contributing to the second language acquisition. (Odlin 2001:73) Odlin put forwardthat transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the targetlanguage and any other language that has been previously (and perhaps imperfectly)acquired.(Odlin 1989:27) It means that the learner's existing linguistic knowledge influencesthe course of L2 development. Before L2 learners acquire L2 phonetics, they have formedcomplete LI phonetic system. So during the L2 phonetics learning process, LI phoneticsystem will be stimulated and then exert an influence because of L2's imperfect. Moreover,he underlined the characteristics of the native language phonological categories, phonemes,rules and syllable structure could all influence the L2 phonology. (Odlin 1989:84)Language transfer can be classified into positive transfer and negative transfer. Positivetransfer refers to any facilitating effects on acquisition duo to the influence of cross-linguisticsimilarities. Negative transfer is when cross-linguistic resulting in errors，over production,underproduction, miscomprehension, and other affects that constituting a divergence betweenthe behavior of native and non-native speakers of a language. (Odlin 2001: 26) Brown statesthat positive transfer occurs when prior knowledge is correctly applied to a present learningtask; negative transfer results when previous knowledge inhibits performance of a second task.(Brown 1994:90) As Ellis (1985:22) notes: Behaviorist learning theory predicts that transferwill take place from the first to the second language. Transfer will be negative when there isproactive inhibition. In this case errors will result. Transfer will be positive when the first andsecond language habits are the same. In this case no errors will occur. Thus differencebetween the first and second language create learning difficulty which results in errors, whilethe similarities between first and second language facilitate rapid and easy learning.
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2.2 Researches on the Influence of Chinese to English Pronunciation Acquisition
In the beginning of twentieth century, quite a number of Chinese scholars have paidattention to the contrastive study between English and Chinese sound systems, and analyzethe language transfer phenomenon in the process, trying to explore in which way Chineselearners can acquire English pronunciation more precisely. In early 1930s, Y.R. Zhaopublished an article named An Contrastive Analysis of English (including General American)and Chinese Tones，in which the author made a comparative study between English andChinese phonetics and phonology (Xu& Wang 2002). Some relevant researches can also befound in articles written by Gui Cankun (Gui 1978)，studied 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。