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types than the head of High applicative. In addition toINSTRUMENTAL, BENEFACTIVE and MALEFACTIVE, it also has LOCATION,TRANSFER, EXISTENCE and LOSE. H-Rela P is attached higher than highapplicatives. M-Rela P is attached right below ba in a ba P and H-Rela P right aboveba P. L-Rela P is adjoined right under VP.
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CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The analysis of ba
There have been so many proposals about the analysis of ba. Seen from the previousstudies, ba is analyzed as a lexical verb (Hashimoto 1971), a preposition (Chao 1968,Lu 1980, Travis 1984, Cheng 1986, A. Li 1985. 1990), a dummy Case assigner(Huang 1992a, Koopman 1984, Goodall 1987), a dummy filler, inserted to fill thehead of a CAUSE phrase when verb raising does not take place (Sybesma 1999) andthe head of a base-generated functional category (Zou 1995).There are many reasons to take ba as a lexical verb. Historically, ba in Chinese is alexical verb which means “hold, take, handle” (see L. Wang 1954; H. Wang 1957;Bennett 1981, for instance). As can be seen in the following example (11), in ancientChinese ba has the meaning ‘take’ or ‘hold’.Ba also occurs in the serial verb construction [V1 +NP +V2 +XP], with ba as V1[ba +NP +V + XP]. The pattern can mean ‘to take NP and do [V XP]’. This historicalorigin of ba can still be detected in many contemporary ba sentences. For instance,the following question-and-answer pairs in modern Chinese is like serial verbconstruction from Li (2006):
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2.2 A review of the studies of the ba construction with retained object
The ba construction with retained object mainly refers to ba sentences with two objects. And in the derivation of the ba sentences, the indirect object is moved to theba-NP position and the direct object remains in the original position and is thencalled the remained object. The ba construction with retained object has also beenstudied extensively. In the author’s study, the ba construction with retained object isconsisted by a subject, ba, ba-NP, a transitive verb, an NP which is the direct objectof the verb. The ba-NP is moved to its position and the ba-NP has a possessiverelation with object NP. The classic example is wo ba juzi bole pi (I peeled theorange).Sybesma (1999) divides the ba construction causative ba sentences andcanonical ba sentences. He thinks that both types of the ba construction contain aCAUSE head. He thinks that diagram (54) can analyze all kinds of ba constructions.As to the ba constructions with retained objects, he puts forward that there are tworelations between the retained object and the post ba NP, a possessive relation and apart-whole relation. However, the two objects in sentences like ta ba qiang tileyigedong (he kicked a hole in the wall) have neither of the two relations.
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CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.............. 35
3.1 Pylkk?nen’s applicatives..............35
3.2 Tsai’s Applicatives.............39
3.3 The limitations of applicatives.....41
3.4 The updated theory............ 44
CHAPTER FOUR A RELATION PROJECTION ANALYSIS OF THE BA CONSTRUCTION.... 45
4.1 The definition of the relation projection........... 45
4.2 The analysis of ba.............. 47
4.3 The types of the ba construction in terms of relation.............48
4.4 A relation projection analysis of different types of the ba construction....