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br /> As it is mentioned briefly in the previous section, the ultimate goal of studies invariationist sociolinguistics is to investigate the relationship between language andnonlinguistic factors, e.g. the social and cultural factors. By doing that, it assumes thatvariation is an integral part of language (Labov, 1969: 728), which is the key maxim inthis branch of sociolinguistics. In other words, one of the most important concepts ofvariationist sociolinguistics is that linguistic variation and change are heterogeneouswith orderly differentiation in essence.Another core concept in variationist sociolinguistics is the concept of linguisticvariables. A linguistic variable is the alternation of forms, or ‘layering’ of forms, inlanguage (Tagliamonte, 2012: 2). In its most basic definition, it means“two or moreways of saying the same thing.” In other words, a linguistic variable must havealternatives. Simply speaking, variable means speakers have different choices whenthey speak. Alternative choices make different variants, which may differ subtly insyntax, semantics, or style. For example, both the regular burned and the irregular burntare accepted as PTFs of burn. Yet the two PTFs differ subtly: burned is regarded asmore formal than the irregular burnt; burnt can be used as the adjective modifier, as inthe burnt bread while burned cannot. However, whatever choices speakers make, thevariants must vary within the same grammatical system to be understood, that is,structured heterogeneity of linguistic variables.
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Chapter 3 Diachronic Change of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in COHA...... 21
3.1 Methodology and Data Visualization......... 21
3.2 Data Analysis......26
3.3 Discussion and Conclusions.......34
3.4 Summary.....39
Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs.... 40
4.1 Introduction and Data.........40
4.2 Principle Components Analysis..........41
4.3 Register Variation of PTF of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb..........42
4.4 User-related Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb..........50
4.5 Discussion and Conclusions.......58
4.6 Summary.....63

Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs

In this chapter, PTFs distribution of these irregular verbs will be examined acrossvarious extra-linguistic parameters. In particular, sociolinguistic variables, such asregister and user-related variables (gender, age and social class) will be taken intoconsideration as Reference to the investigation. Analytical method, principle componentsanalysis, will be adopted in this chapter.

4.1 Introduction and Data

This section is to provide a comprehensive account of PTFs of English irregularverbs in synchronic use. To attest that, a large balanced corpus, which can providesufficient linguistic and extralinguistic information, will be needed. British NationalCorpus (BNC)28is one of the best candidates as data source. BNC is a large corpuscontaining written and spoken materials from a variety of sources with a capacity of 100million words. 90 % of the text materials in BNC are extracted from writings, such asnewspapers or periodicals, while 10 % from speech29. In particular, all the text samplesare tagged with abundant information, including linguistic and extralinguisticparameters. Extralinguistic parameters, such as register, gender, age and social class,will be the mai本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。