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voiced consonant.
 
(4)Mispronouncing the glottal fricative / h /
Under the influence of Hubei dialects, some students can’t pronounce the sound of / h /. They often misread “who” as /fu:/  and “hate” as / ‘feit /. For this problem, we should make students understand that the articulation airstream of /h/ should flow smoothly through the glottis without being disturbed by any speech organs. But / f / is a bilabial fricative consonant. When we read / f /, the airstream should be squeezed through the crack between the upper teeth and the lower teeth.
 
(5)Mispronouncing / r /
There are two kinds of mistakes about the pronunciation of / r /. First, the phoneme is placed at the beginning of a word. For example, students may misread “road” as/ ‘j d /. Second, the phoneme is placed in the middle of a word, like “fresh”. Students must learn to pronounce / r / correctly. When we pronounce / r /, we should make the lips stick out slightly and the tip of tongue also curl slightly.(郑桃云, 也谈英语学习中的负迁移问题，212，with my translation）
 
3.2 “Negative Transfer” of Chinese to English vowels
There are vowels in both Chinese and English, but the two kinds of vowels have many differences in phoneme and pronunciation. Some English vowels can’t be found in Chinese, such as / / / / / /. Due to the differences between English and Chinese vowels, students tend to make some mistakes in English pronunciation.
 
(1)The vowel / i / and Chinese yi
English /i/ and Chinese yi sound alike, but their articulation skills are quite different. To pronounce /i/ correctly, the front part of tongue should be lower without touching the hard palate. It is the opposite with yi. When we make the sound of yi, the front part of tongue should be raised higher and touch the hard palate. Besides, in Chinese, we don’t need to distinguish between the short and long vowels. So in English learning students often neglect the distinction between short and long vowels. Therefore, in pronouncing /li:d/ and /si:/ the length of articulation is not long enough. They will sound like short vowels / lid / and / si /
2)Using “啊” to replace /a:/
Students often use the Chinese character “啊” to substitute the English vowel /a:/. To pronounce “啊”, the tongue should keep to the front. However, to pronounce /a:/, their mouths don’t open widely enough, and their tongues are not back enough.
 
(3)The vowel / / and Chinese “O”
The vowel / / and Chinese “O” share similarities in the manners and places of articulation. When pronouncing the two vowels, the lips should be rounded, and the back part of tongue should rise slight. But the back part of tongue rises higher when pronouncing / / than “O”; the lips are less rounded; the gums open wider; the sound is clear and loud. Therefore, Chinese “O” is much more similar with the long vowel / /.
 
(4)Abusing the central vowel /e/
In the habit of Chinese articulation, students often use the falling tone to read the end of a word or a sentence. Therefore, many Chinese students like to add the central vowel /e/ to the voiceless consonants at end of a word or a sentence. For example, they read “but” /′b te/  and “cake” / keike/, making their English sound like Chinese.
 
3.3 The Impacts made by Chinese on the Rhythm of English
English stress can be divided into word stress 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。