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tomatically by supervisor. All the call centre operators have to ask the same questions to customers, and then the answers respond by customers will be all recorded down (Professor Peter Herriot, 2001).

 

Next, the development of taylorism is always mentioned with the word 'Fordism', because it has close associated in mass production method in manufacturing factories. As proposed by Grint (n.d.), Fordism is a term to describe mass production, dominant roughly between 1950 and 1974, in which most of the large and famous factories at that time using mass production methods operate to maintain the high production output level. Fordism was developed by Henry Ford (1863-1947) at the Ford Motor Company at United States. In year 1890s, Ford was skilled craftsmen who built the motor cars and he claimed that there was not enough time to complete the production of motor cars that he wanted; he said that needed of deskilling of works. Ford's goal was 'continuous improvement' rather than 'one best way' (Ford and Crowther, 1942). Introduction of the mechanized assembly line was one of his major innovations. Furthermore, he also draws the attention to install single purpose machine tools to manufacture standardized parts. Time and motion study also continuous used by Ford to analysis the works.

 

Gartman (1979) had held the view that to overcome the problem of working in slow speed, instead of the moving worker past the car, the car was moved past the worker. Thus, the factories had installed a continuous automatic production line to meet Ford's technical. By this, all the materials had passed through the workhouse to the place where needed, and then the wait workers at the fixed place to assemble up the product. Ford's legacy continues to dominate 21st century organizations. He had used the concepts of control and system to solve all the problems. Ford was not just build up a factory, but a whole production system. By the way, he had used the concept of control to make sure that the entire system runs efficient (Zaleznik and Kets de Vries, 1975).

 

In 1970s and 1980s, Fordism was been argued that had begun to present a challenge to profitability in manufacturing. Because of the employers were unable to match their product to volatile the market demands and there were less of practices of the workers. In addition, the trade unions had made reform of the workplace and made difficult for employers; Fordism was increasing seen as extravagant (Holloway, 1987). Fordism had utilized a form of production organization in termed JIC (just in case). The capitalist manufacturer choose for the high production of standard products if there was no restricted of market under JIC, to achieve economies of scale. Nevertheless, a problem of wastefulness was that the system was not flexible response to peaks and market demand (Sayer, 1986). Until 1970s, there was a solution for Fordism when the success of Japanese industry had change Fordism to post-Fordism and lean production.

 

As stated by Watson (n.d.) post-Fordism is a pattern of industrial organizatio本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。