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This thesis is based on literature review and authors own experiences about Female Genital Mutilation in her own community in Kenya, and the author will describe Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya and alternative ways of encouraging abandonment of female Genital Mutilation in Kenya. WHO 1997 defines Female genital mutilation as all procedures involving partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons本论文是基于切割女性生殖器官的在她自己的社区在肯尼亚来作为文献综述和作者自己的经验记录，笔者将描述切割女性生殖器官在肯尼亚和鼓励放弃女性生殖器切割在肯尼亚的替代方法。世界卫生组织1997年定义涉及的所有程序的部分或全部切除女性外生殖器或其他伤害，出于非医疗原因对女性生殖器官切割女性生殖器官的介绍.

The studies were identified through the electronic database, OVID database (CINAHL, MEDLINE,EBSCO), Pubmed, Science Direct and Your Journals@Ovid using the following key words: FGM, FGC, Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya, Female Genital Mutilation in Africa, Role of Education in eradicating FGM, Female circumcision, Alternative rites approach for FGM and feminism in Kenya.My comprehensive search strategy included all articles published in English between the periods of 1993-2009.芬兰社会学thesis研究确定了通过电子数据库，OVID数据库（MEDLINE，CINAHL，EBSCO），医学，科学直接和你的网志@奥维使用如下关键词：FGM，FGC，在非洲肯尼亚切割女性生殖器切割女性生殖器官，在消除切割女性生殖器，女性割礼，女性生殖器切割的方法替代仪式在的全面搜索Kenya.My战略和女权主义的教育作用期间为1993年至2009年之间以英文发表的所有文章。

Female genital mutilation can no longer be seen as a traditional custom. It has come to be recognized as a problem in the modern African societies, countries, and the whole world at large. The unnecessary health problem and costs it afflicts on women,-time spent in it, hospitalization costs, and the possible loss of life qualifies it as a customary health hazard. Thanks to the current campaigns made to stop it all together in Kenya.女性生殖器切割可以不再被视为一个传统的习惯。它已经被确认为在非洲现代社会，国家和整个世界的问题。不必要的健康问题和成本，对妇女的折磨，花费时间，住院费用，并可能丧失生命，它有资格作为一个习惯的健康危害。由于当前活动作出停止这一切活动在肯尼亚。

CONTENTS目录

1 INTRODUCTION 6
2 PURPOSE AND RESEARCH QUESTION OF THE STUDY 9
3 DEFINITIONS OF KEY WORDS 10
3.1 Female genital mutilation (FGM) 10
3.2 Types of Female genital mutilation 10
3.3 A Rite of Passage 12
3.4 Education/ health promotion 13
4 METHODOLOGY 14
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4.4 Reliability and validity 17
5 LITERATURE REVIEW 18
5.1 Christian and Islamic religion. 18
5.1.1 Christian Religion. 18
5.1.2 Islamic religion 18
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5.5 Changing perception 25
5.6 Shift away from traditions. 26
5.7 Shortening lifespan 26
5.8 Human rights 27
6 FINDINGS 29
6.1 It is not safe to practice Female Genital Mutilation in our local communities. 29
6.2 An alternative way and approach to be implemented to substitute female genital mutilation. 29
6.2.1 Two week seclusion/ Circumcision with words 29
7 DISCUSSION 31
7.1 Why FGM was /is still done in our local communities. 31
7.1.1 To usher one into the community. 31
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7.2.5 Master of ceremony. 36
7.3 Ceremonies after the rite of passage 38
8 CONCLUSION 39
REFERENCES 40
FIGURES

Figure 1: Different types of FGM and how they differ to the uncircumcised female anatomy. (WHO 1997 Classification and Definitions of Female Genital Cutting, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Amended 2008) 11

TABLES

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