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of measures that could have been taken will be of benefit. Civil confinement can present an ethical dilemma as it can be viewed as violation of autonomy in the form of consent and decision-making capacity. Burkhardt & Nathaniel (2008) describe consent as an individual’s right to accept or reject treatment. Further expanding this by stating that health care interventions need to be voluntary and occur without coercion, force, or manipulation by health care professionals or family members. Decision-making capacity involves a medical determination evaluating whether an individual is capable of making decisions relating to current issues. Conscious adults are considered to have decision-making capacity unless there is contrary evidence (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008). 

Ethical Decision-Making Model   伦理决策模型：
Decision-making models, in conjunction with moral thinking, are useful in guiding one through a methodical process of values clarification, and can assist in decision-making efforts when presented with an ethical dilemma. This process prevents one from relying solely on emotions for direction. Uustal’s (1993) model outlines several formal steps for the healthcare professional to consider when faced with an ethical dilemma. For the purposes of this paper, Uustal’s model will be applied to the dilemma of civil containment in the case of Jared Loughner to determine if this proposed alternative may have been reasonable. 

Identify the problem  找出问题
Can Jared Loughner be subject to civil confinement without violation of his autonomic rights of consent and decision-making capacity? 
State your values and ethical position related to the case. 
As a professional nurse, the safety and well being of others is of highest priority. I consider myself an advocate for this cause. While I believe in the protection of Mr. Loughner’s rights of autonomy, I do not think that this should come at the expense of society’s safety at large. Society has an obligation to protect its citizens. In this instance, I believe that the civil confinement of Mr. Loughner for the purposes of mental health evaluation and treatment would have been the optimal choice. Arizona is among half of states whose standard of judicial intervention for treatment is based on an individual’s need for treatment and not just on the individual’s likelihood of presenting a danger to self or others (Treatment Advocacy Center-Arizona, 2009). Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) support the use of paternalism in cases of diminished capacity or judgment. Paternalism can be described as the act of benevolent decision-making on the behalf of patients without their full consent. The principle of vulnerability communicates a perceived risk to individuals who are unable to protect themselves. In the Arizona shooting tragedy, the vulnerable individuals are, simply, societal members who, by happenstance, were in proximity to Jared Loughner on that fateful day. Furthermore, Jeremy Bentham’s ethical theory of utilitarianism insists that ethical decisions should be weighed in relation to the anticipated conclusion or outcome. Hence, “no action in itself is inherently right or wrong” (Burkhardt & Nathaniel, 2008, p. 47). Beneficence is a principle that demands professional nurses act in ways that ben本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。