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Any race or ethnic group that is “not us” is discouraged from assimilation, and residential segregation, and taboos on mixed marriages work to separate the “pure” Japanese from the minorities. Even though the many different ethnic groups in Japan may be genetically, and biologically similar, the rigid culturally constructed notions of race in Japan discriminates against many groups such as the burakumin: “The burakumin often live in villages and neighborhoods with poor housing and sanitation. The have limited access to education, jobs, amenities and health facilities” (textbook 345). Even though Japan is currently working to decimate the segregation against the burakumin by dismantling their legal structure of discrimination, they have yet to install affirmative-action programs for education and jobs, making it difficult for the burakumin to find work, and respect even in this modern age and time.

 

Unlike some of the more exclusive and methodical constructions of race in America and Japan, Brazil's culture employs less systematic exclusionary categories, which condones members of a certain ethnic group to alter their racial classification. Not that Brazil has as much racial antipathy as Japan or even America, but because Brazilian racial classification pays attention to an individual's expressed physical characteristics, an individual is able to change his or her phenotype and racial label with environmental factors: “A Brazilian can change his or her race by changing his or manner of dress language, location and even attitude” (textbook, 346). Even though America and Brazil both are similar in a demographic and sociological sense, the race construction in these two countries cultivated independently. Just simply because of the way America and Brazil differed in their method of settlement, the social class and ethnic structure of these two societies differ, not because of the biological genetics of the individuals, but purely because of the culturally constructed notions of race in both respective countries.

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