难民,跨国和国家 [8]
论文作者:Khalid Koser论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2016-05-03编辑:anne点击率:23244
论文字数:9626论文编号:org201605021332486612语种:英语 English地区:澳大利亚价格:免费论文
关键词:难民跨国主义国家临时保护
摘要:三案例研究的形式对本文实证的重点*人的临时保护欧洲的年代,寻求庇护者向欧洲走私,和贡献厄立特里亚跨国社区在国内冲突后重建。
arrive since the 1990s*on the contrary asylum policies have become even more restrictive than they were then. It seems, then, that ‘temporary protection’ was a specific response to a specific set of circumstances. Clearly ‘temporary protection’ was a new approach to asylum. What it signified, however, was less a radical departure from restrictive policies and more a new willingness on the part of European states to override international obligations to the refugee regime. ‘Temporary protection’ is just one example of the way that the balance of power between states and the international refugee regime has shifted away from international obligations to privilege national interests. Other recent examples or initiatives include Australia’s so-called ‘Pacific solution’, the EU’s recent proposals
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 241 for the offshore processing of asylum applications and the UK’s ‘blue sky thinking’ about withdrawing altogether from the international refugee regime and its obligations. It seems that, at least in this context, ‘transnationalism from above’ in the form of the international refugee regime poses no ‘threat’ to the state and offers little promise for altering the relationship between refugees and the state. Migrant Smuggling and Asylum-Seekers Another intersection between refugees, transnationalism and the state is human smuggling. Although almost by definition relatively little is known about human smuggling, there is a growing consensus that the significant majority of asylum-seekers currently arriving in Europe have been smuggled there. One source of evidence is a host of albeit small-scale empirical case studies conducted among asylum-seekers over the past decade, all of which have found a majority of respondents to have been smuggled (e.g. Gilbert and Koser 2003; Koser 1997b; Morrison 1998, 2000; Nadig and Morrison 2003; Robinson and Segrott 2002). Support for their conclusions is provided by analysis of the changing political context for asylum in Europe, where restrictive asylum policies combine with a lack of formal resettlement programmes effectively to deny asylum-seekers a legal route of entry (Koser 2000b). Arguably, still further evidence is provided by growing acknowledgement on the part of policy-makers and governments of the link between asylum and human smuggling (e.g. Morrison 2000; Salt and Hogarth 2000). A further caveat concerns the extent to which migrant smuggling can really be defined as ‘transnational’. Even limited research makes it clear that generalisations cannot be made about the way that migrant smuggling is organised *for example its scale and reach vary from so-called ‘mom and pop’ outfits operating locally across the US Mexico border to large-scale global networks associated with the so-called ‘snakeheads’ centred on Fujian Province in China (Kyle and Koslowski 2001). Again limited research on the smuggling of asylum-seekers in Europe does nevertheless seem to justify the characterisation of most smuggling networks as transnational. First, almost all asylum-seekers who are smuggled appear to spend time in transit countries en route from their origin to their destination (Koser and Pinkerton 2002). It is regularly reported that in each transit country their onward movement is organised by local nationals, in other words smuggling networks straddle national borders. Second, smugglers often appear to be very accurate sources of information regarding changing regu
本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。