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tionswhich are helpful for these learners to improve their English level are the mainpurpose of this thesis.
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Chapter Two Literature Review

This chapter gives a comprehensive understanding of DMs and DM well. At first,it presents various definitions of DMs. Then, it makes a review of previous studies onDM well abroad and at home. It ends with reviewing the previous studies of well as aDM in terms of its pragmatic functions and syntactic positions.

2.1 Defining Discourse Markers
Schiffrin (1987) is considered the first scholar who attempts to give a definitionof the term DMs. She defines DMs as “sequentially dependent elements whichbracket units of talk” (1987: 31). Her definition of DMs has inspired a lot of laterscholars.Blakemore (1987: 105) defines DMs as “expressions that constrain theinterpretation of the utterances that contain them by virtue of the inferentialconnections that they express”.Watts (1988: 236) argues that “discourse markers are words by means of whichinterlocutors attempt to guide the processes of interpretation and social involvementin verbal interaction, and act as important hints to the addressee as regards what hasbeen or is about to be said”.Redeker (1991: 1168) defines DMs as “linguistic expressions used to signal therelation of an utterance to its immediate context, with the primary function of bringingto the hearer’s attention a particular kind of linkage of the upcoming utterance withthe immediate discourse context”.Fraser (1996: 168) proposed that DMs are “linguistically encoded clues whichsignal the speaker’s potential communicative intentions”.Lenk (1998: 52) deems DMs as short elements on the lexical level. They can beemployed on the level of metalanguage which contribute to the hearer to betterunderstand the relevant contextual contents implied by the speaker.
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2.2 Previous Studies on Discourse Markers
With the rise and development of pragmatics, DMs have drawn much attentionamong scholars abroad and at home in the past three decades. They make greatcontributions to DMs from various perspectives.Quirk (1953; cited from Svartvik, 1980: 167) is often considered as the firstscholar who notices DMs. He makes a summary of the features of DMs: they arelinguistic units which belong to neither syntax nor grammar; they are a commonphenomenon in verbal communication; they have no propositional meaning. Later in1970s, with the rise and development of pragmatics, an extensive body of pragmaticstudies on DMs begins to emerge among foreign scholars.H?lker (1991: 78-79; cited from Jucker, 1993) lists four basic features thatcharacterise DMs: “(1) they do not affect the truth conditions of an utterance; (2) theydo not add anything to the propositional content of an utterance; (3) they are related tothe speech situation and not to the situation talked about; and (4) they have anemotive, expressive function instead of a referential, denotative, or cognitivefunction”. There is an example showing that well in the way it is used here is such aDM.
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Chapter Three Theoretical Framework...........21
3.1 Relevance Theory.......21
3.1.1 Principles of Relevance Theory.......... 21
3.1.2 Conceptual Meaning and Procedural Meaning........... 22
3.1.3 Implicature and Explicature........ 23
3.2 Blakemore’s Relevance-based Approach to Discourse Markers........24
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