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ang  (2007)  defines  that  an  initial  is  an  optional  onset  which  refers  to a consonant or consonant clusteroccurring before the nucleus, and a syllable without an onset may be said to have a zero onset. In  modern  Chinese,  initials  can  be  classified  and  described  by  two  factors, which are the place of articulation and the manner of articulation. From the place of articulation,  it  can  be  sorted  as  bilabial,labiodentals,  alveolar,  blade-palatal,  blade-alveolar,  Lingua-palatal  phoneme,  and  velar. From  the  manner  of  articulation,  there are  voiced  and  voiceless  initials.  In  ancient  Chinese,  voiceless  initials  are  divided into unaspirated voiceless initials and aspirated voiceless initials. Voiced initials are also  divided  into  total  voiced  initial  consonant  and  secondary  voiced  initials (Long,2005). 
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Chapter 3 Research Methodology ... 27 
3.0 Introduction ........... 27 
3.1 The objectives of the present study ........... 27 
3.2 Research questions ......... 27 
3.3 Sampling place ...... 27 
3.4 Participants ... 29 
3.5 Data ..... 31 
3.6 Research instrument ....... 31 
3.7 Research procedure ........ 32
3.8 Methods of analysis ........ 34 
Chapter 4 Results and Discussions ........... 35
4.0 Introduction ... 35 
4.1 The overall trend of entering finals variation in Tangyin dialect......... 35 
4.2 The relationship between entering rime variation and social factors ..... 64
Chapter 5 Conclusion ...... 68 
5.0 Introduction ... 68 
5.1 Main findings ......... 68 
5.2 Implications ........... 70 
5.3 Limitations of the present study ........ 72 
5.4 Suggestions for the future study ....... 72 

Chapter 4 Results and Discussions

4.0 Introduction 

This chapter shows entering finals variation in Tangyin dialect. In particular, it firstly looks at the whole variation tendency of entering finals and change of glottal stop  ending  [?],  and  then  explores  the  relationship  between  entering  finals  variation and social factors, for instance, age, gender and educational background.Entering  finals  in  Tangyin  dialect  appear  to  be  a  certain  degree  of  variation, verging on mandarin Chinese.When studying vowel, scholars generally use acoustic formant data to describe vowel  pronunciation.  Vowel  formants  are  the  most  important  acoustic  properties.In order to analyze the materials accurately and scientifically, this study uses the Praat software to observe and analyze the acoustic formant data of every final in detail, the author  lists  two  tables  (table  4.1  &  table  4.2)  to  illustrate  the  relationships  between vowel formants and to show the本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。