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ked vegetables)。可见“羹”字后加个“汤”字是错的。“一豆羹”,应译为“一碗羹”(a bowl of cooked vegetables),而不该译成“一碗汤”(a bowl of soup )。

古代的语法句式与现代汉语不完全一样,因此,正确的理解和分析古代的语法句式,也是古汉语翻译的重要方面。错误的理解古代语法句式,翻译势必出差错。例如:

(3)孔子曰:“求!无乃尔是过与?夫颛臾,昔者先王以为东蒙主,且在邦域之中矣,是社稷之臣也。何以伐为?”(《论语·季氏》) 留学生论文https://www.51lunwen.org/

* [汉译文]孔子道:“冉求!恐怕你是错了吧?颛臾,上代的君王曾经授权他主持东蒙山的祭祀,而且它的国境早在我们最初被封时的疆土之中,这正是和鲁国共安危存亡的藩属,为什么要去攻打它呢?”
* [英译文] Confucius said:“Ran Qiu! I m afraidyou are wrong. As for Zhuan Yu, the former king once au-thorized him to preside over the ceremonial sacrifices to an-cestors at Dongmeng Mountain. Furthermore its lands hadlong been within our national territory when it was initiallyconferred to Zhuan Yu. This is the very state which sharesthe same fate as the State of Lu, why would you ever attackit?”

例中的“无乃尔是过与”,是古代的测度问句,其中的“尔是过”又是宾语提前句式,译文把这句译为“恐怕是你错了吧”( I m afraid you are wrong),是因为不懂得宾语前置式,结果译错了。正确的翻译应该是“恐怕要责备你吧”(I m afraid you are to blame)。可见,倘若对原作的古代词汇和句式缺乏正确的理解,则势必会造成翻译上的错误。这里还值得引起注意的是古代汉语中凝固结构的翻译问题。所谓凝固结构,就是文言文中某些词语经常结合在一起使用已经形成了的固定形式。这种凝固结构用在句中一般可当作一个整体来翻译。理解和掌握凝固结构的使用习惯,对古汉语翻译是有帮助的。例如“如何”、“若何”、“奈何”等,中间可以插入名词、代词或别的词组,构成“如……何”、“若……何”、“奈……何”的句式,意思是“对(把)……怎么办(怎么样)”(what if ...)。兹举一例来说明:

(4)丈人笑曰:“禽兽负恩如是,而犹不忍杀,子固仁者,然愚亦甚矣!从井以救人,解衣以活友,于彼计则得,其如就死地何?先生其此类乎!……”(马中锡《中山狼传》)

* [汉译文]老人笑道:“禽兽这样忘恩负义,还不忍心杀(它),你固然是仁爱的人,然而也太愚蠢了。下井去救(落井的)人,脱下自己衣服使别人活命,对于他人是有利的,他自己就象走向死地一样吧?先生大概是这类人吧……”

* [英译文] The old man laughed and said:“Even ifthe beasts are ungrateful, you still won t have the heart tokill them. True, you are benevolent, but you are foolish aswell. For example, someone climbs deep into a well to rescuea person [who has fallen in] and then strips off his clothes tosave the other s life. Although he has done well for the oth-er, he finds himself on the verge of death. Maybe, you sir,are such as one……”.

有人因不理解“如……何”的习惯用法,因而把“其如就死地何”译成“他自己就象