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其原因是客观现实中的一个事件,人们可以用动态(dynamic)来表述,也可以用静态(stative)来表述。总的来讲,名词自然地被定为“静态”,因为它们所指的实体不论是具体(物质)名词,如house,table, paper,还是抽象(精神)名词,如hope, botany,length等都是稳定的。相反,动词自然地被定为“动态”:动词适合(例如有表示时和体的能力)表示动作、活动,暂时的或变化的情况。从总体修辞效果来看,英语呈“静态”,汉语呈“动态”,亦即“英语有一种少用(谓语)动词或用其它手段表示动作意义的自然倾向;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。”

一　英语的静态倾向表现
1.名词表动作。英语常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。很多由动词派生(如以一er或一or结尾)的名词既表示施事者,又保留原来动词的意义。这类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结构。(1) The computer is a farmore careful and industriousinspector than human beings.计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。(2) Every country is the best judge ofwhat is requiredto safeguard its national security.每个国家需要什么来保卫国家安全,只有它自己才能做出最好的判断。
2.采用弱式动词。英语中常常以弱式动词be来替代具体的动作性较强的动词,例如:(1) be+动作性名词: The book is a reflection of themodern Chinese society.→The book reflects themodern Chi-nese society. (这本书反映了现代中国社会。)This film is a dramatic treatment of the struggle in thatarea.→This film treats the struggle in thatarea in a dramaticway. (这部电影以戏剧方式来处理那个地区的斗争。)(2) be+介词短语:These valuable paintings are in thepossession of a billionaire.→These valuable paintings arepossessed by a billionaire. (这些珍贵的图画为一位亿万富翁所拥有。)They are in need of funds.→They need funds. (他们需要资金。)Newly designed computers will be on sale nextmonth.→Newly designed computerswill be sold nextmonth. (新设计的计算机下月销售。)They are atwork now.→They are working now. (他们正在工作。)(3) be+动词派生出来的形容词: Too many youngpeople are dependent on their parents.→Too many youngpeople dependend on their parents. (那么多的年轻人要依赖他们的父母亲。)The child is now asleep.→The child is now sleeping.(孩子现在正在睡觉。)(4) be+其它形容词: They are aware of the impor-tance of education.→They have realized the importance ofeducation. (他们已意识到教育的重要性。)He was unaware ofhismistake.→He didn’t realize hismistake. (他没有意识到自己的错误。)
3.虚化动词。虚化动词大多是一些多义动词(polysemanticverb),如do,make, have, get, find, give, put, pay等。这些词在句中作谓语,但其词汇意义大为削弱,整个句子的中心涵义由其后的动作性名词来表示。动作性名词在语法上作宾语,但在逻辑意义上起到了谓语动词的作用。例如:(1)虚化动词+动作性名词:We must put an end tothis foolish behavior.→We must end this foolish behavior.(我们必须停止愚蠢的行为。)He has already made mention of the matter in hisspeech.→He has already mentioned the matter in hisspeech. (他已在报告中提到了这件事。)这类句子在英语中比比皆是,例如: have a try /haveawalk / have a rest / have a look / have a swim / have aglanceTake notice of/take care of/take hold ofTake a ride/take a drive/take a rest/take awalk/take alookMake a speech/make a promise/make an attempt/makeinvestigation/make a requestPay a visit/pay a callon/pay attention to/pay one’s re-spect to(2)虚化动词do…doing: He will domuch reading inthe summer vacation.→Hewill read a lot in the summerIwilldo some cleaning this evening. (今晚我要打扫一下房间)。She did somewashingwhen the child went to bed. (孩子睡觉后她洗了些衣服。)(3)虚化动词go+doing表示“从事某项活动”或“干某事”。a.从事某项活动: She often went skating. (他们经常去溜冰。)Theywill go climbing this Sunday. (这个星期天他们要去爬山。)这类句型常用的词语有: go climbing/skating/rowing/boating/shooting/hunting/riding/fishing/hiking/swimming/walking, etc.b.干某事:Don’t you go looking for trouble. (不要自找麻烦。)You shouldn’t go boasting about your achievements.(你不该大肆吹嘘你的成就。)If you go eating those green apples you willmake your-self il.l (如果你还吃那些未熟的本论文由英语论文网 www.51lunwen.org整理提供青苹果你会得病的。)此结构中go也已虚化,在句中没有实际意义,但其后的doing仍保留动词的性质,后面可加宾语,常指不宜干的事,含有“谴责”之意。
4. be+ad.j +n.此结构中,名词通常为“动词+er”所构成的派生词,表示动作的执行者。形容词虽充当定语,但并不说明这个名词的情况,而是表示名词所包含的那个动作的情况。所以从逻辑上讲,这种形容词所起的作用类似副词修饰动词的作用。这类句子译成汉语时通常把名词译成动词,例如:He is a good performer. (他这个人很会演。)He is a poor liar. (这个人不善于说谎。)
5. to one’s+n.此短语中的名词大多是动词派生本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。