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“onomatopoeia”一词来源于希腊语的“onomapoiein”,意为“namemaking”。休·霍尔曼等(1986)在《文学手册》中曾经说过:“Onomatopoeia-The use of words that by their sound suggest theirmeaning”也就是说,拟声作为一个修辞格,就是“以声音来反映意义。”这是一种十分古老的修辞手段。英语和汉语中都有一定数量的拟声词。拟声可分为两类:基本拟声(primary onomatopoeia)和次要拟声(secondary onomatopoeia)。基本拟声是指音和义基本吻合,能直接产生音和义之间的相互联想;次要拟声是指音与某种象征意义发生联想。基本拟声,例如:The cowmooed.The bullbellowed.The chickenceeped.The cockcockadoodledooed.The piggrunted.The dogbarked.The duckquacked.The goatbleated.The catmeowed.The hencackled.The mousesqueaked.The snakehissed.另外,模仿人的声音:嗯—Mm,嘘—sh,嘿!咦!—Hey,哦!哎!呀!—oh,哈!—ha,啪啪拍手声—clap,急促的脚步声—patter,砰砰的敲物声—bang次要拟声,例如:象征性地表示呼吸时发出的声音: sniff, snuff,snort, snare,…象征性地表示迅速的动作: snip, snatch, snap,…象征性地表示“滑”的意义: slid, slip, slith-er, slush, sluice, sludge, sleek,…象征性地表示“与表面接触”的意义: skate,skim, skin, skid, skimp,…象征性地表示“沙沙”的声音: whistle, ruffle,shuffle,…“回声词”(echo words)也是通过间接拟声象征语义的:dilly-dally　吊儿郎当地消磨时间shilly-shally　犹豫不决riff-raff　废物、碎屑pit-a-pat　劈劈啪啪地huggermugger　胡乱地roly-poly　矮胖的、圆胖的hocus-pocus　哄骗、戏弄helter-skelter　慌慌张张地、手忙脚乱地higgledy-piggledy　杂乱无章、乱七八糟另外,模仿人的声音:咕噜声—grunt,喃喃而言,咕哝—mumble,低语,耳语—whisper,低声轻笑—chuckle,咯咯笑—giggle,啜泣—whimper拟声的文体功能在于加强语言的直观性、形象性和生动性,给人一种身临其境的感受;它能刺激人的听觉,从而对语义产生象征性的联想。

英国十八世纪的伟大诗人和文学批评家亚历山大·蒲柏(Alexander Pope)曾经说过:“一位杰出的诗人会使声音适应于他所描写的事物,形成一种声间音的风格(假如可以这样的话)。……毫无疑问,这种音响效果具有了不起的力量,它能把事物的形象铭刻在读者的脑海里。”(…agood poet will adapt the very sounds to the things hetreats of , so that there is (if one may express it so) astyle of sound…This is undoubtedly of wonderful forcein imprinting the image on the reader. Correspondenceof Alexander Pope, I, Oxford: The Clarendon Press,1956.)亚历山大·蒲柏还非常重视使语音成为语义的回声,例如在他的长诗Essay on Criticism中,他这样写到:…True ease in writing comes from art, not chance,As those move easiest who have learn’d to dance.Tis not enough no harshness gives offence,The sound must seem an echo to the sense.Soft is the strain when zephyr gently blows.But when loud surges lash the sounding shore,The hoarse, rough verse shou’d like the torrentroar.……这几行诗的大意是:流畅的文笔源于艺术技巧,绝非偶得,恰似精通舞技方能翩翩起舞。写作时,若满足于不出现刺耳的噪声,那是远远不够的,语音一定要显得是语义的回声。优美的笔调就象微风轻浮,和谐悦耳的节奏胜过平溪静流。当震耳的波涛拍打岸边砰然作响时,语句听起来也该粗暴刺耳,犹如巨澜波涛。当然,在翻译时还要特别注意两种文化的差异,要符合目标语的习惯。例如汉语中狗叫的拟声词是“汪汪”,英语中是“bark”,法语中是“aboyer”,西班牙中是“ladrar”,而德语则是“bellen”。造成这些差异的原因主要是由于人们的发音器官不能完完全全、丝毫不差地模仿各种不同的声音,因而拟声词带有人为的色彩;再者,操不同语言的人们对自己语言中固有的语音总是有所偏爱,所以听到一个声音就用自己熟悉的声音去“翻译”它。

因此,我们翻译拟声词时就必须用使用目标语的人们所接受的拟声词习惯去翻译。例如:(1)微风的“沙沙”—whisper,溪流的“淙淙”—murmur,波涛的“汨汨”—swish,雷声的“隆隆”—roll,暴风的“吼叫”—roar,干柴燃烧的“劈啪”—crackle,树枝折断的“嘎巴”—crack/snap,风吹草木的“飒飒”—rustle(2)喇叭嘟嘟—toot,铃子叮铃—tinkling,汽笛声—hoot,机械转动的噪声—birr,钟表的滴嗒—tick,照相机的咔嗒声—ka-dok,阀门开闭声—clack,影片罐音的噪声—bloop,铁锤击砧声—clang,电台的啸叫声—squeak(3) Bow-wow, says the dog,Mew, mew says the cat,Grunt, grunt, says the hug,And squeak goes the bat.Tu-whu, says the owl,Caw, caw, says the crow,Quack, quack, says the duck,And what cuckoos says you know.狗儿汪汪咬,猫儿咪咪叫,猪儿呼噜噜,蝙蝠吱吱吵。嗬嗬猫头鹰,哇哇乌鸦嗓, 嘎嘎鸭子声,布谷鸟叫声你知道。(4) But as the door banged, she seemed to come to lifeagain.可是当门砰地关上的时候,她好像又清醒过来了。(5) All was quiet and still except for the distant tin-kling of a piano.除了远处一架钢琴的叮当叮当声外,万籁俱静。(6)“I love you,”she muttered.“我爱你”,她喃喃地说到。(7)“的!的!”突然警笛响了。Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-ee! The police whis-tles shrilled suddly.(8)一个蚊子哼哼哼。两个苍蝇嗡嗡嗡。(《红楼梦》)A mosquito hums and hums.Two flies drone and drone.(9)隔壁牢房的铁锁响了一声,接着,传来推开铁门的哗啦啦的巨响。(《红岩》)A lock rattled and there was本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。