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Chapter Two Analysis of the Features of EST Text

2.1 Definition of English for Science and Technology
Along with the development of new disciplines, new technology, new materials,new devices，and new craft, a large amount of new terms, and new scientific andtechnological texts in English have emerged. Therefore, it is necessary to be clearabout those English for Science and Technology (EST)，including its definition，classification, characteristics, and so on.Generally speaking, EST refers to the English used in scientific report, thesis,textbook, academic speech, and business documents with respect to natural scienceand engineering technology. At tlie present, EST has become a special and new fieldof modem English in many countries. Due to its ever-growing importance under thedevelopment of science and technology, global economy and multilateralcommunication, many countries have set up EST research institutions and relevantmajors in universities.It is worth mentioning that EST does not equal to the formula: English Grammar +Technical Terms any longer，which is deemed as a truth before 1960s. After professorMichael Halliday put forward the theory of register, more and more scholars andlinguists became to acknowledge that EST has its own unique characteristics,including the features of vocabulary, sentences，tense, voice and grammar, such aspReference for highly-technical terms, preference for sentences introduced by “it”，preference for passive-voiced sentences in simple present tense，and preference fornon-finite verbs.
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2.2 Classification of English for Science and Technology
It is of great importance to understand the classification of EST, since it coversan extremely wide scope. Combining the theories of language functions andNewmark's text typology theory, the translators are able to choose suitable principlesand techniques in translation of EST. Based on German linguist Karl Buhler's theory of language function, thelanguage is in possession of three main ftinctions: expressive function, informativefunction, and vocative function. Moreover, on the basis of English linguist JohnLyons's theory on semiology and language fimction, the language also has three mainfunctions: descriptive function, expressive fimction, and social function. As for EST，its main function is to carry information, and the core information is almost about theobjective reality or actual needs. Therefore, the EST belongs to informative functionor descriptive function. The essence of EST translation is inter-lingual transferring ofinformation.In addition，Peter Newmark，as mentioned above in text typology, divides thetext of EST or scientific and technological text into informative category, whichprovides the insight of EST translation that requires the stand紅d of informationequivalence. Therefore, the translators in practice should try their best to render thebasic and correct meaning of the original text into the target language withoutadapting or recomposing the scientific and technical texts.
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Chapter Three Application of Newmark's Theories........ 31
3.1 Application of Peter Newmark's Theories........ 31
3.2 Principles of EST Translation ........  34
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